Abubatsi n'abashushanya ibigo bikomeye, kimwe n'ababigizemo uruhare n'impuguke, bazasuzuma imbaraga n'intege nke zo gutekereza no gukora ibishushanyo mbonera by'iki gihe, basuzume ibibazo nk'ubushakashatsi, ikoranabuhanga n'ubuzima.
Binyuze mu isesengura ryimbitse, ibitekerezo bikomeye, na raporo irambuye, abanyamuryango ba Metropolis bazaguha ibikoresho uzakenera mumwaka utaha.
Muri 2019, inzu ndangamurage ebyiri zitwa Bauhaus zagaragaye mu muco w’Abadage. Mu kwifashisha isabukuru yimyaka ijana, inzu ndangamurage ya Bauhaus i Weimar niyo yabaye iyambere mu marembo yayo, ifungura mu ntangiriro za Mata. Kanda gato nyuma, Inzu Ndangamurage ya Bauhaus i Dessau yakurikiranye mu ntangiriro za Nzeri. Umushinga wa gatatu, kwagura kwaguka kwa Walter Gropius mu 1979 Bauhaus Gestaltung Archive / Museum i Berlin, ntiwakomeje umuvuduko kandi byari byitezwe ko uzafungurwa indi myaka myinshi.
Kugeza ubu i Berlin, urufunguzo rwa Kapiteni Gropius rwarohamye mu mwobo wuzuye ibyondo kandi gahunda ye yimuriwe ku mugereka w'agateganyo. Iyi nyubako yubatswe mu 1976, muri uwo mwaka GDR yongeye kubaka ikigo cya Dessau i Kapitan yafunguwe mu 1979, ntabwo yigeze ikundwa cyane n’ubwo ubwiyongere bukabije bw’amaguru bw’amaguru kuva Urukuta rwa Berlin rwagwa. Ikigaragara ni uko ibyo byavuye mu bwumvikane: Umugambi wa mbere wa Gropius mu 1964 w’ahantu hahanamye i Darmstadt, umujyi muto hafi ya Frankfurt, waburijwemo n’abanyapolitiki baho. Mu myaka icumi yakurikiyeho, nyuma y'urupfu rwa Gropius, ni bwo umushinga wabonye umwanya mu cyahoze ari Berlin y'i Burengerazuba. Ariko, uku guhungabana kwahungabanije gahunda yambere kandi bisaba ko hahindurwa byinshi (cyane cyane guhindura inyubako mukarere kangana) numufasha wa Gropius Alex Cianovich.
Ubuzima ubwo aribwo bwose kuva umushinga wambere wishwe muburyo bwa verisiyo yanyuma. Mu magambo y’abanenga Sibylla Moholy-Nagy, ni modular, nta kwizera logique yayo kandi ikuramo, "nta cyifuzo gikomeye cyo gushaka imbaraga nshya." Yakoresheje amahirwe yose kugirango ahangane na Gropius muminsi ye ya kera. Ubuso, bunyuranye n’izina ry’ishuri, bwateje impungenge ubukorikori mu bubatsi bwa Bauhaus, bwari matte. Igisenge kizwi cyane cyubatswe, kimwe nigitambambuga kizunguruka cyongeweho na Cvijanovic, kigamije uburebure bwinshi ariko birananirana. Ntabwo yari Bauhaus.
Ikibazo cyububiko bwa Bauhaus kirigisha kuko cyerekana ikibazo cyo kubaka "ikirango", cyane cyane ikirango gakondo nka Bauhaus. Ubumaji ntibushobora gusubirana, nkuko ibyago biba farce na farce bigahinduka nihilism. Mugihe imigi yose kwisi irimo gusenya inyubako "zigezweho", zifite byinshi zihuriyeho namashuri azwi cyane yo gushushanya yo mu kinyejana cya 20 kuruta virusi ya IKEA na Alucobond.
Ariko, ubuhanga bwa Bauhaus bwari mu bihe bya politiki yaka umuriro byamuhatiye kubaho. Muri lava y'intambara z'isi, havutse umwuka mushya, ibyo Gropius yabigaragaje muri manifeste ye yo mu 1919 igihe ishuri ryashingwaga i Weimar. "Crystallisation" nijambo ryibanze, kimwe ninama ye itazibagirana: "Ubuhanzi bugomba amaherezo kubona imvugo ya kristalline mubikorwa bikomeye byubuhanzi. Iki gikorwa gikomeye cyubuhanzi, iyi katedrali izaza, Zana urumuri rwinshi mubintu bito byubuzima bwa buri munsi. ubuzima. ”
Ntabwo ari impanuka rero ko ishusho yimuwe cyane mu gihe cya Weimar yo hambere ya Bauhaus yari igiti cyakozwe na Lionel Feininger cyerekana "katedrali ya gisosiyalisiti" idasanzwe. Ubu ni ubusosiyalisiti bwa William Morris, kwisi na kivandimwe, bitanga ibyiyumvo byimbitse hamwe nubwoko bwibinyabuzima mbere yimpamvu zingirakamaro. Ubuhanzi, ni ukuvuga ubukorikori, bizaba uburyo bwo kwirinda amahano yintambara ya mashini burugumesitiri mu gihugu ndetse no hanze yarwo.
Ni iki gikenewe mu guhangana n'ukwo guhangana nk'amarangamutima n'ubumuntu, kandi ni hehe byiza gufata uyu mwanya kuruta muri Weimar, ikigo cy'imyakura cyo mu mucyo w'Abadage, aho Goethe na Schiller bavukiye? Ariko bidatinze, imvugo ya Esperanto yazengurukaga muri sitidiyo ya Bauhaus yahindutse indi tewolojiya ishushanya, irushijeho kuba impande zose, ishingiye ku bikorwa bya De Stijlist ya Theo van Doburg.
Heike Hanada, umwubatsi wateguye inzu ndangamurage ya Bauhaus muri Weimar, ntabwo yari afite imbaraga zo kugura kubintu byombi. Cube ya beto ya cube, irerekana zimwe mumaganya yihishe mumagambo, ariko ahakana ubuntu bwayo bukiza. Birakwiye bitewe n'akamaro ka politiki ya Weimar yo gutsemba ishyigikiwe n'imashini y'Abanazi, ndetse n'ahantu hegereye Gauforum (inyubako y'ubuyobozi aho politiki yatangiriye) hamwe n'ikigo cyakoranyirizwagamo imfungwa cya Buchenwald (aho politiki yakorewe). Ingano yingoro ndangamurage ifite amadirishya make, itanga uburyo bukomeye bwo gukomera. Ingamba zisa nkintangiriro yimbere iyo itaba iyimbere yumuyaga, nyamara ikaba ifite ikibazo cyo kwibandwaho cyane kurwego rwagati, rugufi cyane.
Kuri ibyo byose bifunitse kandi biremereye, iyi ntabwo ari "silo" nkuko bamwe babisuzuma babivuga. Kunegura imyubakire yamye nantaryo ihungabanya kugereranya. Muri uru rubanza, ibishuko birumvikana - hafi ya Gauforum n’urukiko rwegeranye rwahoze rufite izina ryicyubahiro rya "Adolf Hitlerplatz" - kandi, uko byagenda kose, ryerekana verisiyo A y'amategeko ya Derwin: ibiganiro byose kuri Bauhaus bizayobora ku Banazi.
Iri shuri ryirukanwe bwa mbere muri Weimar igihe abayobozi b'intara barakaye bakuyemo inkunga. Yimukiye i Dessau maze ishuri rimara imyaka ya zahabu (1926) ku kigo cya Gropius. Gropius yahaye inkoni umukomunisiti usebanya (kandi wubatswe hejuru) Hannes Meyer. Ishuri ryagutse, kandi mugihe kimwe, abanyeshuri barushijeho kwishora hamwe nisi hanze ya sitidiyo zabo. Ibi byabaye ikibazo, Meyer yahatiwe kugenda maze Mies van der Rohe yinjira mu cyuho. Yaretse integanyanyigisho maze ahindura ibitekerezo bye mu nzu y'abakozi, ndetse no kwamamaza, gushushanya, ibishushanyo, ndetse n'ikinamico, yerekeza muri villa y’ikirahure cya Platon. Ubushakashatsi bwabanyeshuri kumayobera yinganda namateka byerekejwe kubushakashatsi bwintoki-iminwa yuburyo bwububiko. Ariko ibyo nibyiza, kuko amashati yumukara araduka hano, ndetse bamwe bakinjira muri Bauhausler. Iri shuri ryise “aquarium” barirungika i Berlin, aho amaherezo ryaguye mu iterabwoba rya Kulturkampf.
Bauhaus yari umwe mu bantu ba mbere bishwe na fashisme, bigatuma abayobozi bayo batatana ku mipaka no ku isi. . . Kandi "umva" - izina ryubupfu yahawe ninshuti nshya - ryatangiye guhanagura inyandiko. Igihe cya Weimar cyariciwe burundu, kandi n’imyumvire y’abasosiyalisiti y’ishuri yongeye kwerekanwa. Igisigaye ni Bauhaus we i Dessau, ikigo kigezweho cyane ku Isi Kera.
Bauhaus yari intandaro y’ingamba zoroheje za CIA zo guhungabanya umutekano w’Abasoviyeti nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose. Dessau, ikigo cya kaminuza n'umujyi byayoborwaga n'Abasoviyeti, ariko Bauhaus nyayo, kimwe na demokarasi, yabayeho ku isi ya mbere. Nkuko intiti nka Kathleen James-Chakraborty zabigaragaje, inzira zitandukanye zigezweho zabayeho mbere, icyarimwe ndetse na nyuma y’umudage Bauhaus - Neues Bauen, Expressionism, Weimar Lichtreklame - zinjijwe ku mugaragaro muri Bauhaus, ikirango kizaba bitumizwa mu mahanga ku isi. . Itsinda rya NATO.
Ariko mubwubatsi bwa echt Bauhaus yigihugu cye kavukire, amaboko yombi ningenzi. Usibye ibigo by'ishuri, hari n'inyubako z'ibitabo, nka villa ya shebuja wa Gropius ya ba shebuja ba Bauhaus (itamenyekanye, Kandinsky, Moholy-Nagy), hamwe n'ibikorwa bitari uburezi, bitari stucco, aribyo biro ishinzwe umurimo wa Gropius (1929) na Hannes Meyer. Inzu yoroshye yibeshya ifite balkoni (1930). Muri Weimar, Haus am Horn mu 1923 nicyo cyagerageje bwa mbere kuri iyo njyana. Ndetse no mu Budage bwo hagati hari ishuri ry’abakozi rya Meyer ADGB i Bernau, hafi ya Berlin, mu 1930. Kimwe n’ikigo cya Dessau, cyuzuyemo ibitekerezo - kandi ni ingirakamaro - ariko bititaye ku kimenyetso cya Sachlichkeit cya Gropius.
Ndetse nyuma yikinyejana, inyubako ziracyavunika kubera imbaraga zintangarugero. Birumvikana ko bishoboka kutagira ubuziranenge bwAbaluteriyani, Bauhauslers bamaze guhindura mu mibanire yabo ya buri munsi. Cyangwa ibitekerezo bidafite ishingiro (“ubumwe bushya”), cyangwa indirimbo ya tekinoloji (ubuhanzi n'ikoranabuhanga, ikoranabuhanga n'ubuhanzi, amen).
Muraho, ndashimira Abubatsi ba Addendum, studio inyuma ya Bauhaus Museum Dessau i Barcelona, Espanye. Ikuraho ibintu biteye isoni biranga Agatsiko ka Dessau mugihe igumana imirongo igoye hamwe nimyandikire ishimishije. Ntabwo dushobora kuvuga ko inyubako idasanzwe. Igishushanyo kiroroshye cyane, ihuza rya kera hagati yukuri nukuri: inzu yimurikabikorwa ifite icyerekezo gikomeza cyuzuza icyumba kivanze gifite icyerekezo gikomeza. Igice cyo hejuru gifite ibara ry'umukara kugirango uhishe ibirimo, mugihe igice cyo hepfo gisiga ibahasha isobanutse neza.
Kwicisha bugufi kugeza ubu. Ariko urebye inyubako igaragara muri parike nini yo mumujyi rwagati, amadirishya yikirahure ntabwo abonerana nkuko bikwiye. Abubatsi bagamije gutesha agaciro isura (mu mwuka wa Bauhaus), ku buryo haba imbere ndetse no hanze yarimo urujijo, ariko ibirenze ibyo, kuba inzu ndangamurage ahandi hantu hahurira abantu benshi byasaga naho ari bibi.
Hagati aho, kwagura inzu ndangamurage i Berlin ni byiza cyane mu bikorwa bishya. Benshi mumushinga uzaba wihishe munsi yubutaka, hamwe numunara wamagorofa atanu aribwo buryo bwonyine bugaragara kuri gahunda. Ifite inkingi zoroheje, zisanzwe zisanzwe hanze, hasigara hasi (kuri café ndangamurage na duka) irakinguye rwose. Staab Architekten yafashwe na komisiyo mu 2015 kandi byari byiza gukomeza intera iri hagati y’inyubako yari isanzweho, kugira ngo ikureho ingaruka zose zitaziguye.
Igitangaje, ibyinshi mubyo Bauhaus bavuga ku mateka bifitanye isano nimirimo yubwubatsi ari yo nyirabayazana. Usibye inyubako za Meyer n'ikigo cya Dessau, "Bauhaus Architecture" irayobya gato. Ibindi bikorwa mwishuri, kuva kuboha kugeza gushushanya, kuva gushushanya kugeza kwamamaza, byari udushya kandi biracyafata ibitekerezo byacu. (Mubyukuri, Bauhaus ntabwo yari ifite gahunda yubwubatsi hafi ya yose yabayeho.)
Niki kizakomeza abanyeshuri kuba maso nijoro niba Bauhaus yongeye kuvugururwa muri 2019? Iki nikibazo cyabajijwe nigitabo gishya The Future of Bauhaus (MIT Press), kandi mubisubizo byinshi bitandukanye kandi mugihe gikwiye, ubwubatsi, ni ukuvuga ubwubatsi, ntahantu na hamwe dushobora kuboneka. Ariko ntushobora gutangiza ubukerarugendo rusange kubera ibitekerezo byahagaritswe - umutungo mushya wubwenge.
Abashobora kuba ingenzi nabo ntibemerewe kugenda imbere muri Tape ya Albers. Ntushobora gutura mu gishushanyo cya Klee cyangwa ngo ukande umubiri wawe hejuru yicyayi cya Brandt. Ariko urashobora kwinjira mu ndege, kuguruka i Berlin, gufata gari ya moshi i Dessau, gufata tagisi igana Gropiusallee 38, ukanyura muri izo nzugi zitukura (zirenze umutuku), ugafotora ku ngazi, mu iduka ry'impano, mu cyunamo. . mucyumba cyo kuriramo nubusore bwawe bwazimiye. Urashobora no kurara.
Urashobora kandi gukunda Hafi yurusengero rwimpamvu, Bauhaus ni inkono igoramye.
Iyandikishe mu kanyamakuru kacu kugirango wakire ibishya bigezweho, ibirimo byihariye hamwe no kwiyandikisha bitanga kuri inbox yawe!
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nzeri-23-2022