Muri "Fire Engineering" yasohotse muri Mata 2006, twaganiriye ku bibazo bigomba kwitabwaho igihe umuriro ubaye mu nyubako y'ubucuruzi y'amagorofa. Hano, tuzasubiramo bimwe mubice byingenzi byubaka bishobora kugira ingaruka kubikorwa byo kurinda umuriro.
Hasi, dufata ibyuma byububiko bwamagorofa menshi nkurugero rwo kwerekana uburyo bigira ingaruka kumutekano wa buri nyubako mubyiciro bitandukanye byinyubako (amafoto 1, 2).
Inkingi yububiko hamwe ningaruka zo kwikuramo. Byohereza uburemere bw'igisenge bakimurira hasi. Kunanirwa kwinkingi birashobora gutera kugwa gitunguranye igice cyangwa inyubako zose. Muriyi ngero, sitidiyo yashyizwe kumurongo wa beto kurwego rwo hasi hanyuma ihindurwamo I-beam hafi yurwego. Mugihe habaye umuriro, ibiti by'icyuma hejuru ya gisenge cyangwa hejuru yinzu bizashyuha kandi bitangire kwaguka no kugoreka. Ibyuma byagutse birashobora gukurura inkingi kure yindege ihagaze. Mubintu byose byubaka, kunanirwa kwinkingi nikibazo gikomeye. Niba ubonye inkingi isa nkaho ihanamye cyangwa idahagaritse rwose, nyamuneka menyesha umuyobozi wibyabaye (IC) ako kanya. Inyubako igomba guhita yimurwa kandi hagomba guhamagarwa (ifoto 3).
Icyuma-urumuri rutambitse rushyigikira ibindi biti. Umukandara wagenewe gutwara ibintu biremereye, kandi biruhukira hejuru. Mugihe umuriro nubushyuhe bitangiye kwangirika, ibyuma bitangira gukuramo ubushyuhe. Hafi ya 1,100 ° F, ibyuma bizatangira kunanirwa. Kuri ubu bushyuhe, ibyuma bitangira kwaguka no kugoreka. Icyuma gifite uburebure bwa metero 100 gishobora kwaguka kuri santimetero 10. Icyuma kimaze gutangira kwaguka no kugoreka, inkingi zishyigikira ibiti byibyuma nazo zitangira kugenda. Kwaguka kwicyuma birashobora gutuma inkuta kumpande zombi zumukandara zisohoka (niba ibyuma biguye murukuta rwamatafari), bishobora gutera urukuta kunama cyangwa gucika (ifoto 4).
Icyuma cyoroheje cya truss beam gihuza-kuringaniza umurongo wibyuma byoroheje, bikoreshwa mugushigikira amagorofa cyangwa ibisenge bito. Imbere, hagati ninyuma ibyuma byinyubako bishyigikira imitwaro yoroheje. Ihuriro risudira ku cyuma. Mugihe habaye umuriro, truss yoroheje izahita ikurura ubushyuhe kandi irashobora kunanirwa muminota itanu kugeza kumi. Niba igisenge gifite ibyuma bifata ibyuma bikonjesha hamwe nibindi bikoresho, gusenyuka bishobora kubaho vuba. Ntugerageze guca igisenge gikomejwe. Kubikora birashobora guca hejuru ya truss, nyamukuru nyamukuru itwara imitwaro, kandi birashobora gutuma imiterere ya truss yose hamwe nigisenge gisenyuka.
Umwanya wibihimba urashobora kuba metero enye kugeza umunani. Umwanya mugari ni imwe mu mpamvu zituma udashaka guca igisenge gifite ibyuma byoroheje hamwe nubuso bwa Q. Komiseri wungirije w’ishami ry’umuriro wa New York (mu kiruhuko cy'izabukuru) Vincent Dunn (Vincent Dunn) yerekanye muri “Gusenyuka kw'inyubako zirwanya umuriro: Imfashanyigisho y’umutekano w’umuriro” (Ibitabo by’umuriro na videwo, 1988): “Itandukaniro riri hagati y’ibiti gufatanya nicyuma Ibyingenzi byingenzi bitandukanya Igishushanyo cyo hejuru cyo gushyigikira sisitemu yo guhuza imyanya. Umwanya uri hagati yicyuma gifunguye meshi ugera kuri metero 8, ukurikije ubunini bwibyuma hamwe nuburemere bwinzu. Umwanya mugari uri hagati yingingo kabone niyo haba nta byuma bifata ibyuma Mugihe habaye akaga ko gusenyuka, hari ningaruka nyinshi kubashinzwe kuzimya umuriro kugirango bace urugi hejuru yinzu. Ubwa mbere, mugihe ibice byo gukata byarangiye hafi, kandi niba igisenge kitari hejuru yimwe murwego rugari rwicyuma cyagutse, isahani yo hejuru yaciwe irashobora guhita yunama cyangwa ikamanuka hepfo mumuriro. Niba ikirenge kimwe cyumuriro kiri mu gisenge, ashobora gutakaza uburimbane maze akagwa mumuriro munsi akoresheje umunyururu (ifoto 5). (138)
Inzugi zicyuma-horizontal ibyuma bifasha kugabana uburemere bwamatafari hejuru yidirishya ryumuryango. Uru rupapuro rwicyuma rusanzwe rukoreshwa muburyo bwa "L" kugirango rufungure ruto, mugihe I-beam ikoreshwa mugukingura binini. Urugi rwa tel rufunzwe murukuta rwa masonry kumpande zombi zifungura. Kimwe nibindi byuma, iyo umuryango wumuryango umaze gushyuha, utangira kwaguka no kugoreka. Kunanirwa kwicyuma gishobora gutera urukuta rwo hejuru gusenyuka (amafoto 6 na 7).
Imbere-hejuru yinyubako. Ibice byibyuma byoroheje bigize ikariso. Ibikoresho bitarimo amazi byifashishwa mu gufunga inzu. Ibyuma byoroheje bizatakaza vuba imbaraga zuburyo no gukomera mumuriro. Guhumeka ikibuga birashobora kugerwaho uciye muri gypsumu aho gushyira abashinzwe kuzimya umuriro hejuru yinzu. Imbaraga ziyi plaster yo hanze isa na plaster ikoreshwa murukuta rwimbere rwamazu. Nyuma ya gypsum sheath yashizwe mumwanya, uwubaka akoresha Styrofoam® kuri plaster hanyuma akambika plaster (amafoto 8, 9).
Ubuso bw'inzu. Ibikoresho bikoreshwa mukubaka igisenge cyinyubako biroroshye kubaka. Ubwa mbere, imisumari ya Q ishushanya imisumari irasudira kumutwe. Noneho, shyira ibikoresho byo kubika ifuro ku kibaho cya Q gifite ishusho hanyuma ukagishyira kumurongo hamwe n’imigozi. Nyuma yo gushyiramo insulasiyo mu mwanya wabyo, komeza reberi ya reberi kubikoresho byo kubika ifuro kugirango wuzuze hejuru yinzu.
Kubisenge bito, ahandi hejuru yinzu ushobora guhura na polystirene ifuro, ifunikishijwe na 3/8 cm ya latx yahinduwe.
Ubwoko bwa gatatu bwigisenge cyubuso bugizwe nigice cyibikoresho bikingira byashyizwe hejuru yinzu. Hanyuma impapuro zitwa asfalt zometse kumurongo wa insulasi hamwe na asfalt ishyushye. Ibuye noneho rishyirwa hejuru yinzu kugirango rikosorwe kandi ririnde icyuma.
Kuri ubu bwoko bwimiterere, ntutekereze guca igisenge. Amahirwe yo gusenyuka ni iminota 5 kugeza ku 10, ntabwo rero umwanya uhagije wo guhumeka igisenge neza. Nibyiza guhumeka ikibuga binyuze mumyuka itambitse (kumena imbere yinyubako) aho gushyira ibice hejuru yinzu. Gukata igice icyo aricyo cyose cyumutwe birashobora gutuma igisenge cyose gisenyuka. Nkuko byasobanuwe haruguru, ibisenge byamazu birashobora kumanikwa hepfo munsi yuburemere bwabanyamuryango baca igisenge, bityo bakohereza abantu munzu yumuriro. Inganda zifite uburambe buhagije muri truss yoroheje kandi birasabwa cyane ko ubikura hejuru yinzu mugihe abanyamuryango bagaragaye (ifoto 10).
Guhagarika igisenge cya aluminium cyangwa sisitemu ya gride, hamwe nicyuma cyahagaritswe hejuru yinzu. Sisitemu ya gride izakira amatafari yose kugirango ikorwe hejuru. Umwanya uri hejuru ya gisenge yahagaritswe uteza akaga gakomeye abashinzwe kuzimya umuriro. Bikunze kwitwa "attic" cyangwa "truss void", irashobora guhisha umuriro numuriro. Uyu mwanya umaze kwinjira, monoxide ya karubone iturika irashobora gutwikwa, bigatuma sisitemu ya gride yose isenyuka. Ugomba kugenzura cockpit hakiri kare mugihe habaye inkongi y'umuriro, kandi niba umuriro uturitse giturutse hejuru, abashinzwe kuzimya umuriro bose bagomba kwemererwa guhunga inyubako. Terefone zigendanwa zishobora kwishyurwa zashyizwe hafi yumuryango, kandi abashinzwe kuzimya umuriro bose bari bambaye ibikoresho byuzuye. Amashanyarazi, ibice bya sisitemu ya HVAC n'imirongo ya gaze ni bimwe mubikorwa byubaka bishobora guhishwa mubusa bwa trusses. Imiyoboro myinshi ya gaze isanzwe irashobora kwinjira mu gisenge kandi ikoreshwa mubushuhe hejuru yinyubako (amafoto 11 na 12).
Muri iki gihe, ibyuma n’ibiti bishyirwa mu nyubako zose, kuva aho umuntu atuye kugeza ku nyubako ndende zo mu biro, kandi icyemezo cyo kwimura abashinzwe kuzimya umuriro gishobora kugaragara mbere y’ihindagurika ry’umuriro. Igihe cyo kubaka imiterere ya truss cyabaye kirekire bihagije kuburyo abayobozi bose bashinzwe kuzimya umuriro bagomba kumenya uko inyubako zirimo zifata mugihe habaye umuriro kandi bagafata ingamba zijyanye.
Kugirango ategure neza imiyoboro ihuriweho, agomba gutangirana nigitekerezo rusange cyo kubaka inyubako. Igitabo cyitwa “Fire Building Structure” cya Francis L. Brannigan, igitabo cya gatatu (National National Protection Association, 1992) hamwe n’igitabo cya Dunn cyasohotse mu gihe runaka, kandi ni ngombwa ko gisomwa ku bagize igitabo cy’ishami ry’umuriro.
Kubera ko ubusanzwe tudafite umwanya wo kugisha inama abashinzwe ubwubatsi ahabereye umuriro, inshingano za IC nuguhanura impinduka zizabaho mugihe inyubako yaka. Niba uri ofisiye cyangwa wifuza kuba ofisiye, ugomba kuba wize mubwubatsi.
JOHN MILES ni kapiteni w’ishami ry’umuriro wa New York, wahawe urwego rwa 35. Mbere, yabaye umuliyetena kuri urwego rwa 35 ndetse anashinzwe kuzimya umuriro ku ntera ya 34 na moteri ya 82. Ishami ry’umuriro n’ishami ry’umuriro (NY) Ishami ry’umuriro, kandi ni umwarimu mu kigo cy’amahugurwa cy’umuriro cya Rockland County i Pomona, muri New York.
John Tobin (JOHN TOBIN) ni inararibonye ufite uburambe bwimyaka 33 yumurimo wumuriro, kandi yari umuyobozi w’ishami ry’umuriro wa Vail River (NJ). Afite impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu buyobozi bwa Leta kandi ni umwe mu bagize inama ngishwanama y’ishuri ry’amategeko n’umutekano wa Bergen County (NJ).
Muri "Fire Engineering" yasohotse muri Mata 2006, twaganiriye ku bibazo bigomba kwitabwaho igihe umuriro ubaye mu nyubako y'ubucuruzi y'amagorofa. Hano, tuzasubiramo bimwe mubice byingenzi byubaka bishobora kugira ingaruka kubikorwa byo kurinda umuriro.
Hasi, dufata ibyuma byububiko bwamagorofa menshi nkurugero rwo kwerekana uburyo bigira ingaruka kumutekano wa buri nyubako mubyiciro bitandukanye byinyubako (amafoto 1, 2).
Inkingi yububiko hamwe ningaruka zo kwikuramo. Byohereza uburemere bw'igisenge bakimurira hasi. Kunanirwa kwinkingi birashobora gutera kugwa gitunguranye igice cyangwa inyubako zose. Muriyi ngero, sitidiyo yashyizwe kumurongo wa beto kurwego rwo hasi hanyuma ihindurwamo I-beam hafi yurwego. Mugihe habaye umuriro, ibiti by'icyuma hejuru ya gisenge cyangwa hejuru yinzu bizashyuha kandi bitangire kwaguka no kugoreka. Ibyuma byagutse birashobora gukurura inkingi kure yindege ihagaze. Mubintu byose byubaka, kunanirwa kwinkingi nikibazo gikomeye. Niba ubonye inkingi isa nkaho ihanamye cyangwa idahagaritse rwose, nyamuneka menyesha umuyobozi wibyabaye (IC) ako kanya. Inyubako igomba guhita yimurwa kandi hagomba guhamagarwa (ifoto 3).
Icyuma-urumuri rutambitse rushyigikira ibindi biti. Umukandara wagenewe gutwara ibintu biremereye, kandi biruhukira hejuru. Mugihe umuriro nubushyuhe bitangiye kwangirika, ibyuma bitangira gukuramo ubushyuhe. Hafi ya 1,100 ° F, ibyuma bizatangira kunanirwa. Kuri ubu bushyuhe, ibyuma bitangira kwaguka no kugoreka. Icyuma gifite uburebure bwa metero 100 gishobora kwaguka kuri santimetero 10. Icyuma kimaze gutangira kwaguka no kugoreka, inkingi zishyigikira ibiti byibyuma nazo zitangira kugenda. Kwaguka kwicyuma birashobora gutuma inkuta kumpande zombi zumukandara zisohoka (niba ibyuma biguye murukuta rwamatafari), bishobora gutera urukuta kunama cyangwa gucika (ifoto 4).
Icyuma cyoroheje cya truss beam gihuza-kuringaniza umurongo wibyuma byoroheje, bikoreshwa mugushigikira amagorofa cyangwa ibisenge bito. Imbere, hagati ninyuma ibyuma byinyubako bishyigikira imitwaro yoroheje. Ihuriro risudira ku cyuma. Mugihe habaye umuriro, truss yoroheje izahita ikurura ubushyuhe kandi irashobora kunanirwa muminota itanu kugeza kumi. Niba igisenge gifite ibyuma bifata ibyuma bikonjesha hamwe nibindi bikoresho, gusenyuka bishobora kubaho vuba. Ntugerageze guca igisenge gikomejwe. Kubikora birashobora guca hejuru ya truss, nyamukuru nyamukuru itwara imitwaro, kandi birashobora gutuma imiterere ya truss yose hamwe nigisenge gisenyuka.
Umwanya wibihimba urashobora kuba metero enye kugeza umunani. Umwanya mugari ni imwe mu mpamvu zituma udashaka guca igisenge gifite ibyuma byoroheje hamwe nubuso bwa Q. Komiseri wungirije w’ishami ry’umuriro wa New York (mu kiruhuko cy'izabukuru) Vincent Dunn (Vincent Dunn) yerekanye muri “Gusenyuka kw'inyubako zirwanya umuriro: Imfashanyigisho y’umutekano w’umuriro” (Ibitabo by’umuriro na videwo, 1988): “Itandukaniro riri hagati y’ibiti gufatanya nicyuma Ibyingenzi byingenzi bitandukanya Igishushanyo cyo hejuru cyo gushyigikira sisitemu yo guhuza imyanya. Umwanya uri hagati yicyuma gifunguye meshi ugera kuri metero 8, ukurikije ubunini bwibyuma hamwe nuburemere bwinzu. Umwanya mugari uri hagati yingingo kabone niyo haba nta byuma bifata ibyuma Mugihe habaye akaga ko gusenyuka, hari ningaruka nyinshi kubashinzwe kuzimya umuriro kugirango bace urugi hejuru yinzu. Ubwa mbere, mugihe ibice byo gukata byarangiye hafi, kandi niba igisenge kitari hejuru yimwe murwego rugari rwicyuma cyagutse, isahani yo hejuru yaciwe irashobora guhita yunama cyangwa ikamanuka hepfo mumuriro. Niba ikirenge kimwe cyumuriro kiri mu gisenge, ashobora gutakaza uburimbane maze akagwa mumuriro munsi akoresheje umunyururu (ifoto 5). (138)
Inzugi zicyuma-horizontal ibyuma bifasha kugabana uburemere bwamatafari hejuru yidirishya ryumuryango. Uru rupapuro rwicyuma rusanzwe rukoreshwa muburyo bwa "L" kugirango rufungure ruto, mugihe I-beam ikoreshwa mugukingura binini. Urugi rwa tel rufunzwe murukuta rwa masonry kumpande zombi zifungura. Kimwe nibindi byuma, iyo umuryango wumuryango umaze gushyuha, utangira kwaguka no kugoreka. Kunanirwa kwicyuma gishobora gutera urukuta rwo hejuru gusenyuka (amafoto 6 na 7).
Imbere-hejuru yinyubako. Ibice byibyuma byoroheje bigize ikariso. Ibikoresho bitarimo amazi byifashishwa mu gufunga inzu. Ibyuma byoroheje bizatakaza vuba imbaraga zuburyo no gukomera mumuriro. Guhumeka ikibuga birashobora kugerwaho uciye muri gypsumu aho gushyira abashinzwe kuzimya umuriro hejuru yinzu. Imbaraga ziyi plaster yo hanze isa na plaster ikoreshwa murukuta rwimbere rwamazu. Nyuma ya gypsum sheath yashizwe mumwanya, uwubaka akoresha Styrofoam® kuri plaster hanyuma akambika plaster (amafoto 8, 9).
Ubuso bw'inzu. Ibikoresho bikoreshwa mukubaka igisenge cyinyubako biroroshye kubaka. Ubwa mbere, imisumari ya Q ishushanya imisumari irasudira kumutwe. Noneho, shyira ibikoresho byo kubika ifuro ku kibaho cya Q gifite ishusho hanyuma ukagishyira kumurongo hamwe n’imigozi. Nyuma yo gushyiramo insulasiyo mu mwanya wabyo, komeza reberi ya reberi kubikoresho byo kubika ifuro kugirango wuzuze hejuru yinzu.
Kubisenge bito, ahandi hejuru yinzu ushobora guhura na polystirene ifuro, ifunikishijwe na 3/8 cm ya latx yahinduwe.
Ubwoko bwa gatatu bwigisenge cyubuso bugizwe nigice cyibikoresho bikingira byashyizwe hejuru yinzu. Hanyuma impapuro zitwa asfalt zometse kumurongo wa insulasi hamwe na asfalt ishyushye. Ibuye noneho rishyirwa hejuru yinzu kugirango rikosorwe kandi ririnde icyuma.
Kuri ubu bwoko bwimiterere, ntutekereze guca igisenge. Amahirwe yo gusenyuka ni iminota 5 kugeza ku 10, ntabwo rero umwanya uhagije wo guhumeka igisenge neza. Nibyiza guhumeka ikibuga binyuze mumyuka itambitse (kumena imbere yinyubako) aho gushyira ibice hejuru yinzu. Gukata igice icyo aricyo cyose cyumutwe birashobora gutuma igisenge cyose gisenyuka. Nkuko byasobanuwe haruguru, ibisenge byamazu birashobora kumanikwa hepfo munsi yuburemere bwabanyamuryango baca igisenge, bityo bakohereza abantu munzu yumuriro. Inganda zifite uburambe buhagije muri truss yoroheje kandi birasabwa cyane ko ubikura hejuru yinzu mugihe abanyamuryango bagaragaye (ifoto 10).
Guhagarika igisenge cya aluminium cyangwa sisitemu ya gride, hamwe nicyuma cyahagaritswe hejuru yinzu. Sisitemu ya gride izakira amatafari yose kugirango ikorwe hejuru. Umwanya uri hejuru ya gisenge yahagaritswe uteza akaga gakomeye abashinzwe kuzimya umuriro. Bikunze kwitwa "attic" cyangwa "truss void", irashobora guhisha umuriro numuriro. Uyu mwanya umaze kwinjira, monoxide ya karubone iturika irashobora gutwikwa, bigatuma sisitemu ya gride yose isenyuka. Ugomba kugenzura cockpit hakiri kare mugihe habaye inkongi y'umuriro, kandi niba umuriro uturitse giturutse hejuru, abashinzwe kuzimya umuriro bose bagomba kwemererwa guhunga inyubako. Terefone zigendanwa zishobora kwishyurwa zashyizwe hafi yumuryango, kandi abashinzwe kuzimya umuriro bose bari bambaye ibikoresho byuzuye. Amashanyarazi, ibice bya sisitemu ya HVAC n'imirongo ya gaze ni bimwe mubikorwa byubaka bishobora guhishwa mubusa bwa trusses. Imiyoboro myinshi ya gaze isanzwe irashobora kwinjira mu gisenge kandi ikoreshwa mubushuhe hejuru yinyubako (amafoto 11 na 12).
Muri iki gihe, ibyuma n’ibiti bishyirwa mu nyubako zose, kuva aho umuntu atuye kugeza ku nyubako ndende zo mu biro, kandi icyemezo cyo kwimura abashinzwe kuzimya umuriro gishobora kugaragara mbere y’ihindagurika ry’umuriro. Igihe cyo kubaka imiterere ya truss cyabaye kirekire bihagije kuburyo abayobozi bose bashinzwe kuzimya umuriro bagomba kumenya uko inyubako zirimo zifata mugihe habaye umuriro kandi bagafata ingamba zijyanye.
Kugirango ategure neza imiyoboro ihuriweho, agomba gutangirana nigitekerezo rusange cyo kubaka inyubako. Igitabo cyitwa “Fire Building Structure” cya Francis L. Brannigan, igitabo cya gatatu (National National Protection Association, 1992) hamwe n’igitabo cya Dunn cyasohotse mu gihe runaka, kandi ni ngombwa ko gisomwa ku bagize igitabo cy’ishami ry’umuriro.
Kubera ko ubusanzwe tudafite umwanya wo kugisha inama abashinzwe ubwubatsi ahabereye umuriro, inshingano za IC nuguhanura impinduka zizabaho mugihe inyubako yaka. Niba uri ofisiye cyangwa wifuza kuba ofisiye, ugomba kuba wize mubwubatsi.
JOHN MILES ni kapiteni w’ishami ry’umuriro wa New York, wahawe urwego rwa 35. Mbere, yabaye umuliyetena kuri urwego rwa 35 ndetse anashinzwe kuzimya umuriro ku ntera ya 34 na moteri ya 82. Ishami ry’umuriro n’ishami ry’umuriro (NY) Ishami ry’umuriro, kandi ni umwarimu mu kigo cy’amahugurwa cy’umuriro cya Rockland County i Pomona, muri New York.
John Tobin (JOHN TOBIN) ni inararibonye ufite uburambe bwimyaka 33 yumurimo wumuriro, kandi yari umuyobozi w’ishami ry’umuriro wa Vail River (NJ). Afite impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu buyobozi bwa Leta kandi ni umwe mu bagize inama ngishwanama y’ishuri ry’amategeko n’umutekano wa Bergen County (NJ).
Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-26-2021