Muri "Fire Engineering" yasohotse muri Mata 2006, twaganiriye ku bibazo bigomba kwitabwaho iyo umuriro ubaye mu nyubako y'ubucuruzi y'amagorofa.Hano, tuzasubiramo bimwe mubyingenzi byubaka bishobora kugira ingaruka kubikorwa byo kurinda umuriro.
Hasi, dufata ibyuma byububiko bwamagorofa nkurugero kugirango twerekane uburyo bigira ingaruka kuri buri nyubako mubyiciro bitandukanye byinyubako (amafoto 1, 2).
Inkingi yububiko hamwe ningaruka zo kwikuramo.Byohereza uburemere bw'igisenge bakimurira hasi.Kunanirwa kwinkingi birashobora gutera kugwa gitunguranye igice cyangwa inyubako zose.Muriyi ngero, sitidiyo yashyizwe kumurongo wa beto kurwego rwo hasi hanyuma ihindurwamo I-beam hafi yurwego.Mugihe habaye umuriro, ibiti by'icyuma hejuru cyangwa hejuru yinzu bizashyuha kandi bitangire kwaguka no kugoreka.Ibyuma byagutse birashobora gukurura inkingi kure yindege ihagaritse.Mubintu byose byubaka, kunanirwa kwinkingi nikibazo gikomeye.Niba ubonye inkingi isa nkaho ihanamye cyangwa idahagaritse rwose, nyamuneka menyesha umuyobozi wibyabaye (IC) ako kanya.Inyubako igomba guhita yimurwa kandi hagomba guhamagarwa (ifoto 3).
Icyuma-cyuma gitambitse gishyigikira ibindi biti.Umukandara wagenewe gutwara ibintu biremereye, kandi biruhukira hejuru.Mugihe umuriro nubushyuhe bitangiye kwangirika, ibyuma bitangira gukuramo ubushyuhe.Hafi ya 1,100 ° F, ibyuma bizatangira kunanirwa.Kuri ubu bushyuhe, ibyuma bitangira kwaguka no kugoreka.Icyuma gifite uburebure bwa metero 100 gishobora kwaguka kuri santimetero 10.Icyuma kimaze gutangira kwaguka no kugoreka, inkingi zishyigikira ibiti byibyuma nabyo bitangira kugenda.Kwaguka kwicyuma birashobora gutuma inkuta kumpande zombi zumukandara zisohoka (niba ibyuma biguye murukuta rwamatafari), bishobora gutera urukuta kunama cyangwa gucika (ifoto 4).
Icyuma cyoroshye cya truss beam gihuza -kuringaniza umurongo wibiti byoroheje, bikoreshwa mugushigikira amagorofa cyangwa ibisenge bito.Imbere, hagati ninyuma ibyuma byinyubako bishyigikira imitwaro yoroheje.Ihuriro rirasudira ku cyuma.Mugihe habaye umuriro, umutwaro woroheje uzahita ushiramo ubushyuhe kandi birashobora kunanirwa muminota itanu kugeza kumi.Niba igisenge gifite ibyuma bikonjesha hamwe nibindi bikoresho, gusenyuka bishobora kubaho vuba.Ntugerageze guca igisenge gikomejwe.Kubikora birashobora guca hejuru ya truss, nyamukuru nyamukuru itwara imitwaro, kandi birashobora gutuma imiterere ya truss yose hamwe nigisenge gisenyuka.
Umwanya wibihuru urashobora kuba hagati ya metero enye na umunani.Umwanya mugari nimwe mumpamvu zituma udashaka guca igisenge hamwe nicyuma cyoroshye hamwe nubuso bwa Q.Komiseri wungirije w’ishami ry’umuriro wa New York (ikiruhuko cy'izabukuru) Vincent Dunn (Vincent Dunn) yerekanye muri “Gusenyuka kw'inyubako zirwanya umuriro: Imfashanyigisho y’umutekano w’umuriro” (Ibitabo by’umuriro na videwo, 1988): “Itandukaniro riri hagati y’ibiti guhuza hamwe nibyuma Byingenzi Igishushanyo mbonera cyo gutandukanya Hejuru ya sisitemu yo gushyigikira hamwe nu mwanya wibice.Umwanya uri hagati yicyuma gifungura ibyuma bigera kuri metero 8, bitewe nubunini bwibyuma hamwe nuburemere bwinzu.Umwanya mugari hagati yingingo kabone niyo haba nta byuma bifata ibyuma Mugihe habaye akaga ko gusenyuka, hari kandi akaga gakomeye kubashinzwe kuzimya umuriro kugirango bace urugi hejuru yinzu.Ubwa mbere, mugihe ibice byo gukata byarangiye hafi, kandi niba igisenge kitari hejuru yimwe murwego rwagutse rwicyuma, Isahani yo hejuru irashobora gutungurwa cyangwa kumanukira hepfo mumuriro.Niba ukuguru kumwe k'umuriro uri mu gisenge, arashobora gutakaza uburimbane maze akagwa mu muriro hepfo hamwe n'umunyururu (ifoto 5). (138)
Inzugi z'ibyuma-zitambitse ibyuma bifasha kugabana uburemere bwamatafari hejuru yidirishya ryumuryango.Amabati yicyuma akoreshwa muburyo bwa "L" kugirango afungure ntoya, mugihe I-beam ikoreshwa mugukingura binini.Irembo rya tel rihambiriye kurukuta rwa masonry kumpande zombi zifungura.Kimwe nibindi byuma, iyo urugi rumaze gushyuha, rutangira kwaguka no kugoreka.Kunanirwa kwicyuma gishobora gutera urukuta rwo hejuru gusenyuka (amafoto 6 na 7).
Imbere-hejuru yinyubako.Ibice byibyuma byoroheje bigize ikariso.Ibikoresho bitarimo amazi byifashishwa mu gufunga ikibari.Icyuma cyoroheje kizatakaza imbaraga zubaka no gukomera mumuriro.Guhumeka kuri atike birashobora kugerwaho uciye muri gypsum aho gushyira abashinzwe kuzimya umuriro hejuru yinzu.Imbaraga ziyi plaster yo hanze isa na plaster ikoreshwa murukuta rwimbere rwamazu.Nyuma ya gypsum sheath yashizwe mumwanya, uwubaka akoresha Styrofoam® kuri plaster hanyuma akambika plaster (amafoto 8, 9).
Ubuso.Ibikoresho bikoreshwa mukubaka igisenge cyinyubako biroroshye kubaka.Ubwa mbere, imisumari ya Q ishushanya imisumari irasudira kumutwe.Noneho, shyira ibikoresho byo kubika ifuro kumurongo wa Q-ushushanya hanyuma ubishyire kumurongo hamwe.Nyuma yo gushyiramo insulasiyo mu mwanya wabyo, komeza firime ya reberi kubikoresho byo kubika ifuro kugirango wuzuze hejuru yinzu.
Kubisenge byo hasi, ikindi gisenge ushobora guhura nacyo ni polystirene ifuro, itwikiriwe na 3/8 cm ya latx yahinduwe.
Ubwoko bwa gatatu bwigisenge kigizwe nigice cyibikoresho bikingira byashyizwe hejuru yinzu.Hanyuma impapuro za asfalt zometse kumutwe hamwe na asfalt ishyushye.Ibuye noneho rishyirwa hejuru yinzu kugirango rikore neza kandi ririnde icyuma.
Kuri ubu bwoko bwimiterere, ntutekereze guca igisenge.Amahirwe yo gusenyuka ni iminota 5 kugeza 10, kubwibyo rero ntamwanya uhagije wo guhumeka igisenge neza.Nibyiza guhumeka ikibari binyuze mumyuka itambitse (kumena imbere yinyubako) aho gushyira ibice hejuru yinzu.Gukata igice icyo aricyo cyose cya truss gishobora gutuma igisenge cyose gisenyuka.Nkuko byasobanuwe haruguru, ibisenge byamazu birashobora kumanikwa munsi yuburemere bwabanyamuryango baca igisenge, bityo bakohereza abantu mumuriro.Inganda zifite uburambe buhagije muri trusses kandi birasabwa cyane ko ubikura hejuru yinzu mugihe abanyamuryango bagaragaye (ifoto 10).
Guhagarika igisenge cya aluminium cyangwa sisitemu ya gride, hamwe nicyuma cyahagaritswe hejuru yinzu.Sisitemu ya gride izakira ibisenge byose kugirango igisenge kirangire.Umwanya uri hejuru ya plafond uhagaritse uteza akaga gakomeye abashinzwe kuzimya umuriro.Mubisanzwe bita "attic" cyangwa "truss void", irashobora guhisha umuriro numuriro.Uyu mwanya umaze kwinjira, monoxide ya carbone iturika irashobora gutwikwa, bigatuma sisitemu ya gride yose isenyuka.Ugomba kugenzura cockpit hakiri kare mugihe habaye inkongi y'umuriro, kandi niba umuriro uturitse giturutse hejuru, abashinzwe kuzimya umuriro bose bagomba kwemererwa guhunga inyubako.Terefone zigendanwa zishyirwaho zashyizwe hafi yumuryango, kandi abashinzwe kuzimya umuriro bose bari bambaye ibikoresho byuzuye.Amashanyarazi, ibice bya sisitemu ya HVAC numurongo wa gazi nibimwe mubikorwa byubwubatsi bishobora guhishwa mubusa bwa trusses.Imiyoboro myinshi ya gaze karemano irashobora kwinjira mumisenge kandi ikoreshwa mubushuhe hejuru yinyubako (amafoto 11 na 12).
Muri iki gihe, ibyuma n’ibiti byashyizwe mu nyubako zose, kuva aho umuntu atuye kugeza ku nyubako ndende zo mu biro, kandi icyemezo cyo kwimura abashinzwe kuzimya umuriro gishobora kugaragara mbere y’ihindagurika ry’umuriro.Igihe cyo kubaka imiterere ya truss cyabaye kirekire bihagije kuburyo abayobozi bose bashinzwe kuzimya umuriro bagomba kumenya uko inyubako zirimo zifata mugihe habaye umuriro hanyuma bagafata ingamba zijyanye.
Kugirango ategure neza imiyoboro ihuriweho, agomba guhera kubitekerezo rusange byo kubaka.“Imiterere y’imyubakire y’umuriro” ya Francis L. Brannigan, igitabo cya gatatu (Ishyirahamwe ry’igihugu rishinzwe kurinda umuriro, 1992) hamwe n’igitabo cya Dunn bimaze igihe bisohotse, kandi ni ngombwa ko bisomwa ku bagize igitabo cy’ishami ry’umuriro.
Kubera ko ubusanzwe tudafite umwanya wo kugisha inama abubatsi aho umuriro, inshingano za IC nuguhanura impinduka zizaba mugihe inyubako yaka.Niba uri ofisiye cyangwa wifuza kuba ofisiye, ugomba kuba wize mubwubatsi.
JOHN MILES ni kapiteni w’ishami ry’umuriro wa New York, yahawe urwego rwa 35.Mbere, yabaye umuliyetena kuri urwego rwa 35 ndetse anashinzwe kuzimya urwego rwa 34 na moteri ya 82.Ishami ry’umuriro n’ishami ry’umuriro (NY) Ishami ry’umuriro, kandi ni umwarimu mu kigo cy’amahugurwa cy’umuriro cya Rockland County i Pomona, muri New York.
John Tobin (JOHN TOBIN) ni inararibonye afite imyaka 33 yuburambe mu muriro, kandi yari umuyobozi w’ishami ry’umuriro wa Vail River (NJ).Afite impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu buyobozi bwa Leta kandi ni umwe mu bagize akanama ngishwanama ka Bergen County (NJ) Ishuri ry'amategeko n'umutekano rusange.
Muri "Fire Engineering" yasohotse muri Mata 2006, twaganiriye ku bibazo bigomba kwitabwaho iyo umuriro ubaye mu nyubako y'ubucuruzi y'amagorofa.Hano, tuzasubiramo bimwe mubyingenzi byubaka bishobora kugira ingaruka kubikorwa byo kurinda umuriro.
Hasi, dufata ibyuma byububiko bwamagorofa nkurugero kugirango twerekane uburyo bigira ingaruka kuri buri nyubako mubyiciro bitandukanye byinyubako (amafoto 1, 2).
Inkingi yububiko hamwe ningaruka zo kwikuramo.Byohereza uburemere bw'igisenge bakimurira hasi.Kunanirwa kwinkingi birashobora gutera kugwa gitunguranye igice cyangwa inyubako zose.Muriyi ngero, sitidiyo yashyizwe kumurongo wa beto kurwego rwo hasi hanyuma ihindurwamo I-beam hafi yurwego.Mugihe habaye umuriro, ibiti by'icyuma hejuru cyangwa hejuru yinzu bizashyuha kandi bitangire kwaguka no kugoreka.Ibyuma byagutse birashobora gukurura inkingi kure yindege ihagaritse.Mubintu byose byubaka, kunanirwa kwinkingi nikibazo gikomeye.Niba ubonye inkingi isa nkaho ihanamye cyangwa idahagaritse rwose, nyamuneka menyesha umuyobozi wibyabaye (IC) ako kanya.Inyubako igomba guhita yimurwa kandi hagomba guhamagarwa (ifoto 3).
Icyuma-cyuma gitambitse gishyigikira ibindi biti.Umukandara wagenewe gutwara ibintu biremereye, kandi biruhukira hejuru.Mugihe umuriro nubushyuhe bitangiye kwangirika, ibyuma bitangira gukuramo ubushyuhe.Hafi ya 1,100 ° F, ibyuma bizatangira kunanirwa.Kuri ubu bushyuhe, ibyuma bitangira kwaguka no kugoreka.Icyuma gifite uburebure bwa metero 100 gishobora kwaguka kuri santimetero 10.Icyuma kimaze gutangira kwaguka no kugoreka, inkingi zishyigikira ibiti byibyuma nabyo bitangira kugenda.Kwaguka kwicyuma birashobora gutuma inkuta kumpande zombi zumukandara zisohoka (niba ibyuma biguye murukuta rwamatafari), bishobora gutera urukuta kunama cyangwa gucika (ifoto 4).
Icyuma cyoroshye cya truss beam gihuza -kuringaniza umurongo wibiti byoroheje, bikoreshwa mugushigikira amagorofa cyangwa ibisenge bito.Imbere, hagati ninyuma ibyuma byinyubako bishyigikira imitwaro yoroheje.Ihuriro rirasudira ku cyuma.Mugihe habaye umuriro, umutwaro woroheje uzahita ushiramo ubushyuhe kandi birashobora kunanirwa muminota itanu kugeza kumi.Niba igisenge gifite ibyuma bikonjesha hamwe nibindi bikoresho, gusenyuka bishobora kubaho vuba.Ntugerageze guca igisenge gikomejwe.Kubikora birashobora guca hejuru ya truss, nyamukuru nyamukuru itwara imitwaro, kandi birashobora gutuma imiterere ya truss yose hamwe nigisenge gisenyuka.
Umwanya wibihuru urashobora kuba hagati ya metero enye na umunani.Umwanya mugari nimwe mumpamvu zituma udashaka guca igisenge hamwe nicyuma cyoroshye hamwe nubuso bwa Q.Komiseri wungirije w’ishami ry’umuriro wa New York (ikiruhuko cy'izabukuru) Vincent Dunn (Vincent Dunn) yerekanye muri “Gusenyuka kw'inyubako zirwanya umuriro: Imfashanyigisho y’umutekano w’umuriro” (Ibitabo by’umuriro na videwo, 1988): “Itandukaniro riri hagati y’ibiti guhuza hamwe nibyuma Byingenzi Igishushanyo mbonera cyo gutandukanya Hejuru ya sisitemu yo gushyigikira hamwe nu mwanya wibice.Umwanya uri hagati yicyuma gifungura ibyuma bigera kuri metero 8, bitewe nubunini bwibyuma hamwe nuburemere bwinzu.Umwanya mugari hagati yingingo kabone niyo haba nta byuma bifata ibyuma Mugihe habaye akaga ko gusenyuka, hari kandi akaga gakomeye kubashinzwe kuzimya umuriro kugirango bace urugi hejuru yinzu.Ubwa mbere, mugihe ibice byo gukata byarangiye hafi, kandi niba igisenge kitari hejuru yimwe murwego rwagutse rwicyuma, Isahani yo hejuru irashobora gutungurwa cyangwa kumanukira hepfo mumuriro.Niba ukuguru kumwe k'umuriro uri mu gisenge, arashobora gutakaza uburimbane maze akagwa mu muriro hepfo hamwe n'umunyururu (ifoto 5). (138)
Inzugi z'ibyuma-zitambitse ibyuma bifasha kugabana uburemere bwamatafari hejuru yidirishya ryumuryango.Amabati yicyuma akoreshwa muburyo bwa "L" kugirango afungure ntoya, mugihe I-beam ikoreshwa mugukingura binini.Irembo rya tel rihambiriye kurukuta rwa masonry kumpande zombi zifungura.Kimwe nibindi byuma, iyo urugi rumaze gushyuha, rutangira kwaguka no kugoreka.Kunanirwa kwicyuma gishobora gutera urukuta rwo hejuru gusenyuka (amafoto 6 na 7).
Imbere-hejuru yinyubako.Ibice byibyuma byoroheje bigize ikariso.Ibikoresho bitarimo amazi byifashishwa mu gufunga ikibari.Icyuma cyoroheje kizatakaza imbaraga zubaka no gukomera mumuriro.Guhumeka kuri atike birashobora kugerwaho uciye muri gypsum aho gushyira abashinzwe kuzimya umuriro hejuru yinzu.Imbaraga ziyi plaster yo hanze isa na plaster ikoreshwa murukuta rwimbere rwamazu.Nyuma ya gypsum sheath yashizwe mumwanya, uwubaka akoresha Styrofoam® kuri plaster hanyuma akambika plaster (amafoto 8, 9).
Ubuso.Ibikoresho bikoreshwa mukubaka igisenge cyinyubako biroroshye kubaka.Ubwa mbere, imisumari ya Q ishushanya imisumari irasudira kumutwe.Noneho, shyira ibikoresho byo kubika ifuro kumurongo wa Q-ushushanya hanyuma ubishyire kumurongo hamwe.Nyuma yo gushyiramo insulasiyo mu mwanya wabyo, komeza firime ya reberi kubikoresho byo kubika ifuro kugirango wuzuze hejuru yinzu.
Kubisenge byo hasi, ikindi gisenge ushobora guhura nacyo ni polystirene ifuro, itwikiriwe na 3/8 cm ya latx yahinduwe.
Ubwoko bwa gatatu bwigisenge kigizwe nigice cyibikoresho bikingira byashyizwe hejuru yinzu.Hanyuma impapuro za asfalt zometse kumutwe hamwe na asfalt ishyushye.Ibuye noneho rishyirwa hejuru yinzu kugirango rikore neza kandi ririnde icyuma.
Kuri ubu bwoko bwimiterere, ntutekereze guca igisenge.Amahirwe yo gusenyuka ni iminota 5 kugeza 10, kubwibyo rero ntamwanya uhagije wo guhumeka igisenge neza.Nibyiza guhumeka ikibari binyuze mumyuka itambitse (kumena imbere yinyubako) aho gushyira ibice hejuru yinzu.Gukata igice icyo aricyo cyose cya truss gishobora gutuma igisenge cyose gisenyuka.Nkuko byasobanuwe haruguru, ibisenge byamazu birashobora kumanikwa munsi yuburemere bwabanyamuryango baca igisenge, bityo bakohereza abantu mumuriro.Inganda zifite uburambe buhagije muri trusses kandi birasabwa cyane ko ubikura hejuru yinzu mugihe abanyamuryango bagaragaye (ifoto 10).
Guhagarika igisenge cya aluminium cyangwa sisitemu ya gride, hamwe nicyuma cyahagaritswe hejuru yinzu.Sisitemu ya gride izakira ibisenge byose kugirango igisenge kirangire.Umwanya uri hejuru ya plafond uhagaritse uteza akaga gakomeye abashinzwe kuzimya umuriro.Mubisanzwe bita "attic" cyangwa "truss void", irashobora guhisha umuriro numuriro.Uyu mwanya umaze kwinjira, monoxide ya carbone iturika irashobora gutwikwa, bigatuma sisitemu ya gride yose isenyuka.Ugomba kugenzura cockpit hakiri kare mugihe habaye inkongi y'umuriro, kandi niba umuriro uturitse giturutse hejuru, abashinzwe kuzimya umuriro bose bagomba kwemererwa guhunga inyubako.Terefone zigendanwa zishyirwaho zashyizwe hafi yumuryango, kandi abashinzwe kuzimya umuriro bose bari bambaye ibikoresho byuzuye.Amashanyarazi, ibice bya sisitemu ya HVAC numurongo wa gazi nibimwe mubikorwa byubwubatsi bishobora guhishwa mubusa bwa trusses.Imiyoboro myinshi ya gaze karemano irashobora kwinjira mumisenge kandi ikoreshwa mubushuhe hejuru yinyubako (amafoto 11 na 12).
Muri iki gihe, ibyuma n’ibiti byashyizwe mu nyubako zose, kuva aho umuntu atuye kugeza ku nyubako ndende zo mu biro, kandi icyemezo cyo kwimura abashinzwe kuzimya umuriro gishobora kugaragara mbere y’ihindagurika ry’umuriro.Igihe cyo kubaka imiterere ya truss cyabaye kirekire bihagije kuburyo abayobozi bose bashinzwe kuzimya umuriro bagomba kumenya uko inyubako zirimo zifata mugihe habaye umuriro hanyuma bagafata ingamba zijyanye.
Kugirango ategure neza imiyoboro ihuriweho, agomba guhera kubitekerezo rusange byo kubaka.“Imiterere y’imyubakire y’umuriro” ya Francis L. Brannigan, igitabo cya gatatu (Ishyirahamwe ry’igihugu rishinzwe kurinda umuriro, 1992) hamwe n’igitabo cya Dunn bimaze igihe bisohotse, kandi ni ngombwa ko bisomwa ku bagize igitabo cy’ishami ry’umuriro.
Kubera ko ubusanzwe tudafite umwanya wo kugisha inama abubatsi aho umuriro, inshingano za IC nuguhanura impinduka zizaba mugihe inyubako yaka.Niba uri ofisiye cyangwa wifuza kuba ofisiye, ugomba kuba wize mubwubatsi.
JOHN MILES ni kapiteni w’ishami ry’umuriro wa New York, yahawe urwego rwa 35.Mbere, yabaye umuliyetena kuri urwego rwa 35 ndetse anashinzwe kuzimya urwego rwa 34 na moteri ya 82.Ishami ry’umuriro n’ishami ry’umuriro (NY) Ishami ry’umuriro, kandi ni umwarimu mu kigo cy’amahugurwa cy’umuriro cya Rockland County i Pomona, muri New York.
John Tobin (JOHN TOBIN) ni inararibonye afite imyaka 33 yuburambe mu muriro, kandi yari umuyobozi w’ishami ry’umuriro wa Vail River (NJ).Afite impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu buyobozi bwa Leta kandi ni umwe mu bagize akanama ngishwanama ka Bergen County (NJ) Ishuri ry'amategeko n'umutekano rusange.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-26-2021