Gutanga ibikoresho bitanga ibikoresho

Kurenza Imyaka 30+ Uburambe bwo Gukora

Nigute ushobora gutanga akazi nyuma yo gushakisha "Gusiga amarangi no gukama hafi yanjye"

Abantu benshi ntibatekereza kurukuta cyane, keretse niba batekereza kuvugurura ibara cyangwa kongeramo wallpaper. Ariko inkuta zigize ikadiri yinzu, kandi iyo zimeze nabi, zirashobora gutuma inzu yose isa nkaho itameze neza. Ibyangiritse birashobora kubaho vuba: umuntu agenda hejuru yumufuka, itungo, umwana, cyangwa ibirenge bye, hanyuma akageraho kugira ngo yifate inkokora akoresheje akuma kuma koridoro. Ndetse icyarushijeho kuba kibi, ibyangiritse birashobora kubaho mugihe amazi ava mumatonyanga mato yatonyanga inyuma yurukuta, ukanyunyuza inyuma ya side kugeza igihe irangi ryinshi cyangwa rivunitse amazi akarangirira hejuru. Iyo inkokora zibabaza hamwe nu miyoboro yamenetse bimaze gukosorwa, igihe kirageze cyo gutekereza uburyo bwo gutunganya icyuma cyumisha, kuko ibice bya plasta hamwe n irangi bitazavanga hamwe nubuso bwubuso kandi bizahora bisa nkibishishwa.
Icyemezo cya mbere nyirurugo afata nukumenya niba ibyangiritse bikwiriye kwiyubaka. Gusana ibyobo bito cyane cyangwa ibishushanyo biroroshye nkuburyo bwihuse bwo kuzuza umwobo ukurikirwa na sandpaper, primer hamwe n irangi. Ikintu cyose kirenze ibi gishobora gusaba ibyuma byumye, kaseti yumye, hamwe numwanda wumye, kandi birashoboka ko wabigize umwuga, igihe kirageze rero cyo gushaka ibyifuzo byubufasha bwumwuga. Muri uku gusana, ireme ryumurimo wumwuga ni ngombwa cyane, ni ngombwa rero guhitamo umuntu ushobora gutanga ibyifuzo namafoto yibikorwa byashize. Nibyiza kandi gutera inshundura mugushakisha abakozi beza. Gushakisha "abashoramari basiga amarangi hafi yanjye" cyangwa "abashoramari bumye hafi yanjye" birashoboka ko uzabona umubare munini wubucuruzi naba rwiyemezamirimo batanga iyi serivisi, nubwo kubafite amazu, gushakisha "gushakisha imipaka kubikenewe" birashobora gufasha. Abashoramari ba Drywall batuye hafi yanjye ”cyangwa“ Gusiga amarangi no gusana hafi yanjye ”kugirango barandure abashoramari kabuhariwe mubucuruzi cyangwa batanga akazi ko kumisha gusa mugihe gusana bisaba no gusiga irangi. banyiri amazu kugirango basobanukirwe igikwiye gukorwa mbere yo gushaka ikigereranyo kugirango ibisabwa nibisabwa bya serivisi bishobore gukorwa mubitekerezo byize.
Ukeneye gusana amarangi no gukama? Saba umunyamwuga kugukorera. Kubona igereranyo cyumushinga wubusa, nta-inshingano ziteganijwe mubigo bya serivisi bikwegereye. Gushushanya no gukanika ibyuma hafi yanjye +
Igiciro cyo gusana ibyuma no gusana amarangi bizatandukana bitewe nibintu byinshi. Ubwa mbere, ikiguzi cyo gusana no gushushanya gishobora kwishyurwa ukundi. Niba nyirurugo akoresheje irangi ryumye hamwe numutekinisiye wo gusana akuma, igiciro cyose cyakazi gishobora kuba hejuru gato ugereranije nuko bashakishije umunyamwuga washoboraga gukemura ibyo bintu byombi. Akazi. . Mu gihugu hose, gusana ibyuma byumye hagati y $ 294 na $ 876, abakiriya bishyura impuzandengo y’amadolari 573. Gushushanya amarangi imbere yinzu birashobora kugura aho ariho hose kuva $ 948 kugeza $ 2,950, ugereranije hafi $ 1.949 kumurimo, ariko gushushanya icyumba kimwe birashobora kugura amadorari 200 nkuko Anga abitangaza. Nibihe bintu bigira ingaruka kubiciro byo gusana Drywall? Hariho ibintu byinshi bigira ingaruka kubiciro, harimo ibi bikurikira.
Serivisi yo gusana yumye ikora iki? Ubwoko bwinshi bwibyangiritse burashobora kugaragara kurukuta no hejuru, buri kimwe gisaba kugisana. Gusana bimwe birashobora gusaba inzobere yumye, mugihe izindi zishobora gusaba gusa intoki ifite uburambe hamwe nibikoresho byo gusana.
Chips ibaho igihe cyose ikintu gityaye gikubise cyumye kandi mubisanzwe gisanwa byoroshye nibikoresho byo gusana byumye bigura amadorari 10 na 30. Igikoresho kirimo ibikoresho byose bikenerwa mugusana: ibumba ryumye cyangwa primer, icyuma gito cyangwa spatula, sandpaper, hamwe na brush cyangwa irangi ryo gukoraho. Guha akazi abahanga kugirango bakosore chip cyangwa kuzuza igikoma birashobora kugura ahantu hose kuva $ 60 kugeza $ 90 kumasaha. Ibintu bifite ibice biratandukanye gato: niba igikoma cyarakozwe nyuma yingaruka, cyangwa niba kiva mu cyuho cyangwa umwobo, hariho uburyo bwo kuzuza no koroshya igikoma ubwawe, kimwe nicyuho. Niba ibice bibaho nta mpamvu yihariye, cyangwa niba ibice byinshi bigenda mucyerekezo kimwe, baza umuhanga kugirango umenye neza ko inzu itimuka kandi urufatiro rukomeye mbere yo gufunga ibice. Gusana igikoma gito birashobora kugura amadorari 60, mugihe igikoma kinini cyangwa igikoma mu mfuruka gishobora kugura amadorari 400.
Gusana amenyo nabyo biroroshye cyane kandi mubisanzwe birashobora gukorwa na nyirurugo kabuhariwe. Tube ya putty (hafi $ 8) hamwe nicyuma cya putty (hafi $ 15) gikenewe: Ba nyiri amazu barashaka koroshya amenyo hamwe nuduce duto twa putty, reka ibice byumye mbere yo kongeramo byinshi. Ongeramo putty nyinshi kugeza amenyo yuzuye, hanyuma umusenyi utemba nurukuta ruzengurutse. Baca bakeneye gushira hamwe no gusiga irangi kugirango bahuze urukuta kugirango barangize gusana. Niba hari amenyo make, umunyamwuga arashobora gutunganya neza urukuta, kandi agahuza kandi akavanga irangi kumadorari 60- $ 90 kumasaha.
Imyobo irashobora gufungwa hamwe na kashe ntoya. Nyamara, ibyobo binini bizakenera gutoborwa. Gusana ibyobo bito birashobora kuba akazi-wenyine, ariko umwobo urenze santimetero 1 uzasa neza kandi wuzuye niba usanwe numuntu ufite uburambe. Ibyobo binini bisaba agapira, nigice cya meshi cyangwa kaseti yumye irambuye hejuru yumwobo kandi igashyirwaho umwanda wumye ushyizwe hejuru yacyo. Ibyobo binini birashobora gusaba ibindi bikoresho kugirango byuzuze umwobo, cyangwa agapapuro kaciwe mu gice cyabigenewe cyumye, kanda, kandi gisunitswe. Gucanga kaseti yumye hamwe numwanda hejuru yubusa birashobora kuba ingorabahizi (kandi birababaje), birakwiye rero ko ushakira umunyamwuga kugirango akore ibyobo binini, bishobora kugura ahantu hose kuva $ 50 kugeza 75 $ kuri metero kare.
Usibye uburyo bwo gusana ibyuma byumye, ubutaka bufite ibibazo bike byongeweho mugihe cyo gusana igisenge cyumye. Ku rukuta, gusana bizakomeza ku gice gisigaye cyahagaritse kandi bizafatirwa hamwe na kaseti hamwe nisi, hamwe ninkunga yinkuta zikikije. Gusana igisenge bigomba kuba byometse cyangwa bifatanye nigisenge gikikijwe, cyangwa igisenge kigomba gushyigikirwa bihagije kugirango uburemere budatera kugwa. Na none, hari izindi nyubako zitari nke hejuru yinzu, bityo gusana ntibishobora kuba byoroshye nko gutobora mubintu byose biri hejuru yibyangiritse. Kwangirika kwa Ceiling akenshi biterwa no kumeneka kwamazi cyangwa amazi ahagaze, nibyiza rero ko igisenge kigenzurwa numuhanga - ntampamvu yo gusana ibyangiritse mugihe igisenge gisigaye cyangiritse kandi gishobora gusenyuka umwanya uwariwo wose. Ibikoresho byatwaye amadorari 30 yo gusana igisenge (nibindi byinshi niba igice cyose cyumye gikeneye gusimburwa), umurimo usanzwe ugura amadorari 60 kugeza 90 $ kumasaha, naho igiciro rusange ni $ 320 kugeza $ 1300, ariko birakwiye. Muri ibyo gusana harimo ingazi, inguni zidasanzwe zijosi, hamwe no gusubira hejuru hejuru, ntanumwe murimwe ukwiye kubafite amazu adafite uburambe cyangwa abakodesha. Shakisha "gusana byumye hafi yanjye" kugirango ubone inzobere mu gisenge.
Gushushanya no gusana ibyuma byumye ntabwo ari akazi-wenyine, hamagara abanyamwuga. Kubona igereranyo cyumushinga wubusa, nta-inshingano ziteganijwe mubigo bya serivisi bikwegereye. Gushushanya no gukanika ibyuma hafi yanjye +
Iyo ibyangiritse byamazi bibaye, rwiyemezamirimo arashobora guca igice cyumye cyangiritse, harimo nuruhande rwumuti wangiritse, kugirango asige umupaka neza, hanyuma awusimbuze icyuma gishya cyumye kandi akoresheje icyuma cyumye. patch. ikibanza. Kwangirika kwibumba bisaba umwete mwinshi kuko niba ifumbire ubwayo idakosowe, spore irashobora gukwirakwira hejuru y’amazi yangiritse. Agace gato ka spore karashobora gukurwaho hamwe na blach cyangwa ibicuruzwa bya fungiside, nyuma yumye birashobora gukata hanyuma bigasimburwa, ariko ibibazo binini byububiko bizakenera gusanwa byumwuga bitwara amadorari 2300, bitewe nubunini bwikibazo. . Ni ngombwa kandi gushakisha inkomoko yubushuhe butera ifumbire gukura, bivuze ko umuyoboro ashobora gukenerwa mbere yo gusanwa nyirizina, ukongeraho amadorari 170 kugeza $ 450 kuri fagitire, bitewe n’isoko y’amazi. ikibazo. Igiciro cyo gusana icyuma ubwacyo kizaterwa nubunini bwumye kugirango busimburwe, kimwe nigihe nibikoresho bisabwa kugirango bisanwe.
Ikigereranyo cyo gusiga irangi icyumba kiri hagati ya $ 2 na $ 6 kuri metero kare. Kubwamahirwe, kubara agace k'icyumba gikeneye gusiga irangi biroroshye cyane kuruta kubara ikiguzi cyo gushushanya hanze, bisaba imibare myinshi. Hashobora kubaho gutandukana ukurikije umubare w'amakoti meza ya primer yumye hamwe n irangi bisabwa, kimwe no kumenya niba hari imiterere ikenewe cyangwa niba irangi rikeneye sheen yo hejuru. Irangi ryiza rizakora cyane kugirango ryinjize irangi rishaje kera, ariko umenye ko niba icyumba kitarasize irangi mugihe gito, ntigishobora guhura n irangi ryasubiwemo kandi birashobora kuba ngombwa gusiga irangi icyumba. Urukuta rwose cyangwa icyumba cyose. Ukurikije imyaka irangi cyangwa ingano yo kuvugurura, birashobora kuba igihe cyiza cyo gutekereza guhindura ibara ryirangi ryicyumba cyose, niba bishoboka!
Bizagorana cyane gukora ibishishwa bidafite aho bihurira no gusana byumye keretse igikuta cyo mucyumba kimaze kumanikwa. Gusimbuza wallpaper yumwanya wose rwose birashoboka, ariko abantu benshi bahitamo kwiyambura urukuta. Birashobora rwose kuba akazi ko gukora wenyine, ariko niba wallpaper imaze igihe kinini, birashobora koroha kuyikuraho numuntu ufite ibikoresho bikwiye. Igiciro cyo gukuraho wallpaper ni $ 3 kuri metero kare, cyangwa hafi $ 535 kumyumba ya 12 ′ x 12 ′. Niba icyumba noneho gisize irangi, umusenyi no gukoraho bizasabwa gukuraho icyuma gisigaye cyose hanyuma wuzuze uduce duto mu cyuma cyumutse kizavamo impapuro, kandi bizatwara andi $ 0.50 kugeza $ 0.75 kuri metero kare kugirango ubone yiteguye gushushanya.
Drywall ntabwo ari ibintu byubaka inzu, ni ibintu byubaka inzu. Nicyo gipfukisho kigabanya inzu ahantu hatandukanye kandi kirimo kandi gihisha amazi, insinga z'amashanyarazi hamwe nubundi buryo bwo murugo butagaragara. Nkibyo, ibyangiritse byoroheje ntibisaba gusanwa iyo bibaye. Ni ibihe byangiritse byumye bikeneye gusanwa byihuse? Ni iki dushobora kwitega? Rimwe na rimwe, ibyangiritse ni bito kandi ahanini byo kwisiga, ariko ibyangiritse cyane birashobora guhungabanya umutekano.
Kubwimpamvu zubuzima n’umutekano, bimwe byangiza byumye bisaba kwitabwaho byihuse. Ibi byangiritse akenshi birakomeye, nibyiza rero guhamagara umunyamwuga kwita kumurimo cyangwa gukemura ikibazo cyihishe inyuma.
Ibyinshi byangiza byumye ni kwisiga aho kuba bibi, kandi ubwoko bwibyangiritse bukurikira bushobora gusanwa kubushake bwawe.
Iyo inzu yiteguye kugurishwa, ni ngombwa cyane kubafite amazu kugenzura neza akuma mu byumba byose. Abantu benshi ntibabona utunenge duto mumazu yabo kuko bababona burimunsi, ariko abaguzi bashobora gushakisha ibintu bagomba gukosora nyuma yo kwimuka, kandi amenyo, uduce, nu mwobo mumashanyarazi bizabitaho. ako kanya. Keretse niba hari umwobo munini (ugomba gusanwa uko byagenda kose), gusana ibyuma byumye ntibishobora kuba bihenze cyane, ariko birashobora kugera kure muguha abaguzi inzu nziza. Ba nyiri amazu barashishikarizwa kuzenguruka inzu no kugenzura inkuta bitonze. Noneho bakeneye kuzuza, koroshya no gusiga irangi rito, uduce, amenyo nu mwobo. Ibi bisobanuro nibimara gukorwa, inzu izakora neza kandi imishyikirano iyo ari yo yose n'abaguzi ntizaba ku bibazo bito byakemuka byoroshye.
Ibyobo byinshi bito byumye, nike hamwe nibisakara birashobora gusanwa byoroshye kandi bidahenze na nyirurugo uzi gutobora akuma (cyangwa numupangayi ugerageza kuzigama kubitsa) ukoresheje ibikoresho cyangwa ibikoresho biva mububiko butezimbere urugo. Niba ibyo gusana bito bikozwe neza kandi witonze, birashoboka ko bitamenyekana. Nubwo, gusana kwagutse, kuzigama ntacyo bitwaye, cyane cyane niba gusana DIY bikomeje kugaragara nubwo nyuma yo kugerageza umusenyi no gushushanya, kandi umwuga ugomba guhamagarwa uko byagenda kose. Gukata no gufunga ibyuma byumye nubuhanga bugomba kubahwa, birashobora gukorwa numuntu uwo ari we wese, ariko umuntu wumuhanga wenyine niwe wabikora neza bihagije kugirango avange neza nabandi basigaye kurukuta. Kuma yumye irangi ntabwo iringaniye, ahubwo ifunze neza hamwe na kashe ihuriweho, iyo rero irangi izamurika nk'itara hagati yurukuta.
Rimwe na rimwe, intoki zaho zifite uburambe cyane mugusana ibyuma kandi birashobora gukora akazi gakomeye kubatari inzobere yumye, kandi umukoresha nawe ashobora gukora akazi ko gushushanya no kurangiza. Gusana binini cyane cyane gusana igisenge cyangwa kubisaba gusimbuza ahantu hanini humye, nibyiza gusigara abakozi ba societe zizwi akazi kabo ka buri munsi ni ugushiraho no gusana ibyuma byumye.
Gushushanya ni akazi ba nyiri amazu benshi hamwe nabakodesha bafite ubushake bwo gukora - erega ibyo birashobora kugorana bite? Abantu bashushanya kunshuro yambere bakunze gutungurwa nuburyo bigoye. Televiziyo yerekeranye no gusana ituma byihuse kandi byoroshye, bikagukiza amasaha yo gukora mbere yuko brush ikubita kurukuta. Mu rugo nyarwo, inkuta ntizoroshye neza, inguni n'impande ntibikunze kugororoka, kandi bisaba imyitozo myinshi yo guca kumurongo no hejuru (kandi wirinde gusiga irangi kurundi ruhande). Niba nyirurugo akurikije ubuhanga bwo gusiga amarangi, ibi rwose birashobora kuba umushinga DIY usaba kwihangana, imyitozo, nibikoresho byiza. Nyamara, abarangi beza bazabona akazi vuba kandi neza, kandi banyiri amazu barashobora gukoresha imyaka myinshi bibanda kumwanya uri hejuru yidirishya aho brush yabo ikubita igisenge kandi ntibashobora kubikora neza. kwihisha.
Inzobere nziza zo gusiga amarangi no gukama, shaka umushinga wubusa, nta nshingano-yumushinga ugereranije ninzego za serivisi mukanda rimwe gusa. Gushushanya no gukanika ibyuma hafi yanjye +
Serivisi zo gusana Drywall ntabwo ziri kurutonde rwabantu bose. Bitandukanye nubwoko bwibyangiritse bisaba serivisi zumuyagankuba nu mashanyarazi, ibyangiritse byumye ntabwo byihutirwa kugeza bibaye. Kuberako ibyangiritse bitari bike bishobora gusanwa na nyirurugo cyangwa umukoresha, abantu bamwe ntibashobora na rimwe kugira impamvu yo gushakisha uruganda rukora ibyuma. Guhitamo serivise yizewe yo gusana ni nko guha akazi undi rwiyemezamirimo.
Gusana ibyuma byumwuga ntabwo bihenze cyane, cyane cyane urebye agaciro keza nubwiyongere bwurugo iyo bikozwe neza, ariko hariho uburyo bwo kuzigama bike mugihe ushakisha rwiyemezamirimo gukora akazi.
Hano haribibazo byinshi byo kwibaza mbere yo guha akazi umushinga wo gusiga irangi. Bimwe muribi byihariye akazi, mugihe ibindi nibibazo rusange umushoramari wese agomba kwibaza. Mbere yo gusinya ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose cyangwa kwishyura, menya neza ko wasubije ibibazo byose bijyanye kandi ugaragaze ibisobanuro bijyanye mumasezerano yanditse.
Gukora neza byumye kandi gusiga irangi imbere birashobora guhindura imyumvire y'urugo. Inkuta nziza zishushanyijeho irangi kuburyo bugaragara, bushyushye kandi bubungabunzwe neza, ndetse nimiterere ndetse na sheen byerekana urumuri muburyo urugo ndetse nababituye bishimira. Kubatigeze baha akazi rwiyemezamirimo kuriyi mirimo mbere, hariho ibibazo byinshi. Hano haribimwe mubibazo bikunze kugaragara ba nyiri amazu bafite kubijyanye no gusana ibyuma no gusiga amarangi, hamwe nibisubizo byabo, kugirango bafashe banyiri amazu gutangira.
Bamwe bazabikora, abandi ntibazabikora. Abashushanya benshi ni beza mugusana duto, gutobora imyobo yimisumari nuduce duto, no koroshya inkuta. Abashushanya bamwe barashobora kandi gusana binini, harimo gukoraho cyane cyangwa gusimbuza ibyuma. Niba banyiri amazu bakeneye gukora ubwoko bwakazi bwombi, bazabaza abashoramari nibigo niba bafite abakozi bafite serivisi zombi.
Imisumari yinjira mu cyuma kimwe n’ibindi byangiritse ku buso nk'amenyo, umwobo, ibishushanyo ndetse n'ibice bizagaragara kandi nyir'ugukodesha ni we ugomba guhitamo igihe ibyo byangiritse bito bitesha umutwe kandi bisaba gusanwa. Ibyobo binini bigomba gusanwa kandi ibice byinshi bishya bigomba kugenzurwa ntampamvu igaragara kugirango harebwe ko ntakibazo cyubatswe ninzu. Kwangirika kwamazi kurigayitse kuko mubisanzwe bibaho inyuma yumye mbere yuko igaragara, ugomba rero gushakisha ibimenyetso byoroshye. Impumuro nziza mucyumba, ibara rike cyangwa imirongo ku irangi, cyangwa muri rusange kumva ko hari ubushyuhe mu cyumba bishobora gusobanura ko wakagombye kugenzura urukuta no hejuru.
Abenegihugu barashobora gusiga irangi ryumye nta mucanga, ariko imiterere yinkuta hamwe nuburyo bworoshye bwirangi ntibizigera byoroha nkuko babyifuza. Gushyirwaho bishya byumye bigomba gushyirwaho umucanga hanyuma bigashyirwa hejuru hanyuma bikongera kumucanga mbere yo gushushanya. Bitabaye ibyo, icyuma cyumye ubwacyo hamwe nigituba cyumye gishiramo irangi ukundi, bikavamo inshundura nziza, yoroshye yo gusiga irangi aho irangi ryicara kumyanya yoroheje, hamwe na kwaduka zijimye aho akuma kamira irangi. Kugirango ubone irangi ryirangi, umusenyi urakenewe mbere yo gushushanya (nubwo inkuta nyinshi zimaze gusiga irangi). Ba nyiri amazu bazi kumisha umucanga barashobora gukemura ikibazo bonyine, ariko abandi bazashaka umunyamwuga gukemura iki gikorwa.
Niba akuma kamye kameze neza kandi muri rusange ntakibazo usibye agace kegereye gakeneye gusanwa, noneho agapira kazaba keza. Niba akuma kamenetse, karanyeganyega, kakumva ko gatose, cyangwa kakaba karangiritse cyane kumazi (byerekana ko ari amabara, ibisebe, cyangwa ibyiyumvo byoroheje), nibyiza gusimbuza igice. Bitabaye ibyo, abayirimo bafite ibyago byo gusana no gusiga amarangi bishobora gutera inkuta guhita cyangwa gusenyuka. Niba icyuma gisanzwe kidashobora gusanwa, nibyiza ko banyiri amazu batekereza ikiguzi cyo gushora mumashanyarazi mashya.
Kubisana byoroheje, inzira ikubiyemo gusukura ahangiritse, kuzuza ingingo hamwe na minisiteri yumye cyangwa yumye, koroshya, kumusenyi, kubanza, no gushushanya. Ibi birashobora gufata igihe niba ibyangiritse biciriritse, kuko bishobora gufata amakoti menshi yikomatanya aho kuba igitonyanga kinini kugirango cyume neza. Mu gusana binini harimo gutobora icyuma cyumye hamwe na kaseti n'umwanda, cyangwa guca igice cyumye cyumye, hanyuma ugashyiraho ibishyigikiro byumye, gusunika umusimbura mu mwanya, kaseti n'umwanda, hanyuma umusenyi no gusiga irangi. Kuri bamwe mubafite amazu, aka ni akazi gakorwa, ariko uko kuvugurura gushya, ni byiza guha akazi abanyamwuga, kuko kaseti, umwanda, n'umucanga ni akazi gasaba uburambe kugirango ugire icyo ugeraho.
Niba imyiteguro yurukuta ishyizwe mubikorwa byo gusiga irangi, abarangi benshi bazuzuza imyobo mito, basane udusembwa, kandi buzuza ibice. Hashobora kubaho amafaranga yinyongera mugutegura inkuta - ni ngombwa kubakiriya kubisobanura mugihe basinyanye amasezerano. Bamwe mu bashushanya barashobora kandi gusana ibyuma byumye, ariko ntabwo abarangi bose bafite ubumenyi bwibanze bwo gusana ibyuma, bityo rero ni ngombwa kubaza iki kibazo mbere yo guha akazi rwiyemezamirimo. Gusana cyane bigomba gukorwa numuntu ufite uburambe bunini kuri kaseti yumye hamwe numwanda kugirango abone ibisubizo biramba kandi bigenda neza birangiye neza.


Igihe cyo kohereza: Jun-27-2023