Abagize umuryango wa Cajamarca Máxima Acuña, uzwiho kuba barwanyije kwimurwa mu butaka bwabo bwatejwe imbere n’isosiyete icukura amabuye y'agaciro Yanacocha, bamaze kubona igihembo cya Goldman Sachs, igihembo cy’ibidukikije gikomeye ku isi. Uyu mwaka Akunya yamenyekanye nk'imwe mu ntwari esheshatu z’ibidukikije ku isi, hamwe n’abarwanashyaka n’abarwanyi baturutse muri Tanzaniya, Kamboje, Slowakiya, Porto Rico na Amerika.
Ibihembo bizatangwa kuri uyu wa mbere nyuma ya saa sita mu nzu mberabyombi ya San Francisco (USA), bihesha icyubahiro abayoboye urugamba rudasanzwe rwo kubungabunga umutungo kamere. Nyirakuru inkuru rusange yateje umujinya mpuzamahanga nyuma yo gutotezwa n'abashinzwe umutekano ku giti cyabo ndetse n'abapolisi ubwabo, bemeye kurinda sosiyete icukura amabuye y'agaciro umutekano.
Umwanditsi w'amateka Joseph Zarate aherekeza Lady Akuna mu gihugu cye kugira ngo amenye byinshi ku mateka ye. Nyuma yaho gato, yasohoye iyi shusho itangaje, ibaza ikibazo cy'ingenzi: “Ese zahabu y'igihugu ifite agaciro kuruta ubutaka n'amazi y'umuryango?”
Umunsi umwe Mutarama mu 2015, kimwe n’ibiti, Maxima Akunya Atalaya yakubise urutare ku musozi ubuhanga n’ubuhanga bw’ibiti kugira ngo ashinge urufatiro rw’inzu. Akunya yari afite uburebure buri munsi ya metero 5, ariko yatwaye ibuye inshuro ebyiri uburemere bwe yica intama y'ibiro 100 mu minota mike. Igihe yasuraga umujyi wa Cajamarca, umurwa mukuru w’imisozi miremire yo mu majyaruguru ya Peru, aho yari atuye, yatinyaga gutwarwa n’imodoka, ariko abasha kugongana na za moteri zimuka kugira ngo arinde ubutaka yari atuyemo, igihugu cyonyine gifite amazi menshi ku bihingwa bye. Ntiyigeze yiga gusoma cyangwa kwandika, ariko kuva mu 2011 yabujije umucukuzi wa zahabu kumwirukana mu nzu. Ku bahinzi, uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ibidukikije, Maxima Acuña ni urugero rwubutwari no kwihangana. Ni umuhinzi winangiye kandi wikunda wigihugu gifite iterambere rishingiye kumikoreshereze yumutungo kamere. Cyangwa, icyarushijeho kuba kibi, umutegarugori ushaka gushora amafaranga muri sosiyete ya miriyoni.
Mu ijwi rye rirerire, Maxima Akuna yagize ati: "Nabwiwe ko munsi y'ubutaka bwanjye na lagoons hari zahabu nyinshi." Niyo mpamvu bashaka ko mva hano.
Lagoon yitwaga ubururu, ariko ubu irasa n'imvi. Hano, mumisozi ya Cajamarca, ku butumburuke bwa metero zirenga ibihumbi bine hejuru yinyanja, igihu cyijimye gitwikiriye byose, kigashonga urutonde rwibintu. Nta kuririmba kw'inyoni, nta biti birebire, nta kirere cy'ubururu, nta ndabyo hirya no hino, kubera ko hafi ya byose byari bikonje kugeza gupfa biturutse ku muyaga ukonje wa zeru. Ibintu byose usibye amaroza na dahlias, Maxima Akunya yashushanyijeho ku mukufi w'ishati ye. Yavuze ko inzu atuyemo ubu, ikozwe mu ibumba, amabuye ndetse n'icyuma gikonjesha, igiye gusenyuka kubera imvura. Akeneye kubaka inzu nshya, nubwo atazi niba abishoboye. Inyuma y'igihu, muri metero nkeya uvuye iwe, hari Ubururu bwa Lagoon, aho Maxima yarobye trout mu myaka mike ishize hamwe numugabo we hamwe nabana bane. Umugore w’umuhinzi atinya ko uruganda rukora ubucukuzi bwa Yanacocha ruzambura ubutaka atuyemo kandi ruhindura Ubururu bwa Lagoon ububiko bwa toni zigera kuri miliyoni 500 z’imyanda y’ubumara izavanwa mu kirombe gishya.
inkuru. Menya ibyerekeye uyu murwanyi, wakoze ku muryango mpuzamahanga, hano. Video: Goldman Sachs Ibidukikije.
Yanacocha bisobanura “Lagoon Yirabura” muri Quechua. Niryo zina rya lagoon ryaretse kubaho mu ntangiriro ya za 90 kugira ngo habeho ikirombe cya zahabu ifunguye, ku burebure bwacyo cyafatwaga nk'ikirombe kinini kandi cyunguka cyane ku isi. Munsi ya lagoon i Selendin, intara Maxima Akuna n'umuryango we batuyemo, hari zahabu. Mu kuyikuramo, isosiyete icukura amabuye y'agaciro Yanacocha yateguye umushinga witwa Conga, nk'uko abahanga mu by'ubukungu n'abanyapolitiki babivuga, bizazana Peru ku isi ya mbere: ishoramari ryinshi rizaza, bivuze ko imirimo myinshi, amashuri n'ibitaro bigezweho, resitora nziza, a urunigi rushya rw'amahoteri, ibicu ndetse na Perezida wa Peru, Ollanta Humala, yabivuze, ahari ndetse na metero nkuru. Ariko kugira ngo ibyo bishoboke, Yanacocha yavuze ko lagoon, kilometero zirenga kilometero y'amajyepfo y'inzu ya Maxim, igomba gukenerwa hanyuma igahinduka kariyeri. Nyuma yakoresha izindi lagoons ebyiri zo kubika imyanda. Ubururu bwa Lagoon ni bumwe muri bwo. Umuhinzi yasobanuye ko niba ibyo bibaye, ashobora gutakaza ibyo umuryango we ufite byose: hafi hegitari 25 z'ubutaka bwuzuyemo ichu n'izindi nzuri. Pine na queñuales zitanga inkwi. Ibirayi, ollucos n'ibishyimbo biva mu murima wabo. Icy'ingenzi, amazi kumuryango we, intama ze eshanu ninka enye. Bitandukanye n’abaturanyi bagurishije isambu muri sosiyete, umuryango wa Chaupe-Acuña niwo wonyine utuye hafi y’umushinga w’ubucukuzi bw'ejo hazaza: umutima wa Konga. Bavuze ko batazigera bagenda.
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- Bamwe mu baturage bavuga ko nta kazi bafite kubera njye. Iki kirombe ntabwo gikora kuko ndi hano. Nakoze iki? Nzabareka bafate igihugu cyanjye n'amazi?
Umunsi umwe mu gitondo mu mwaka wa 2010, Maxima yabyutse afite uburibwe mu nda. Yarwaye intanga ngore bituma adashobora kugenda. Abana be bakodeshaga ifarashi bamujyana kuri dacha ya nyirakuru mu mudugudu uri mu masaha umunani kugira ngo akire. Umwe muri nyirarume azaguma kwita ku murima we. Nyuma y'amezi atatu, amaze gukira, we n'umuryango we basubiye mu rugo basanga ahantu nyaburanga hahindutse gato: umuhanda wa kaburimbo n'umuhanda wa kera wambukiranya igice cy'umutungo we wari waragabanijwe ku muhanda mugari, uringaniye. Se wabo yababwiye ko abakozi bamwe bo muri Yanacocha baje hano bafite buldozeri. Umuhinzi yagiye ku biro by'isosiyete mu nkengero za Cajamarca kwitotomba. Yamaze iminsi myinshi kugeza igihe injeniyeri amwinjije. Amwereka icyemezo cya nyir'ubwite.
Yitegereje iyo nyandiko ati: "Ubu butaka ni ubw'ikirombe." Umuryango wa Sorochuko wagurishije hashize imyaka myinshi. Ntabizi?
Abahinzi baratangaye kandi bararakaye, ibibazo bimwe. Niba yaguze uyu mufuka na nyirarume w'umugabo we mu 1994, byashoboka bite? Byagenda bite aramutse abitse inka z'abandi akazonsa imyaka kugirango abike amafaranga? Yishyuye ibimasa bibiri, hafi amadorari ijana buri umwe, kugirango abone isambu. Nigute Yanacocha yaba nyiri umutungo wa Tracadero Grande aramutse afite inyandiko ivuga ukundi? Kuri uwo munsi, injeniyeri w'ikigo yamwirukanye ku biro nta gisubizo.
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Nyuma y'amezi atandatu, muri Gicurasi 2011, hasigaye iminsi mike ngo yujuje imyaka 41 y'amavuko, Maxima Acuna yasohotse kare kugira ngo amubohe igitambaro cy'ubwoya mu rugo rw'umuturanyi. Agarutse, asanga igituba cye cyahindutse ivu. Ikaramu yabo y'ingurube yajugunywe hanze. Isambu y'ibirayi yarasenyutse. Amabuye yakusanyijwe n'umugabo we Jaime Schoup mu kubaka inzu aratatanye. Bukeye, Maxima Acuna yahamije Yanacocha, ariko atanga ikirego kubera kubura ibimenyetso. Chaupe-Acuñas yubatse akazu gato. Bagerageje gukomeza kugeza muri Kanama 2011. Maxima Acuna n'umuryango we baganira kubyo Yanacocha yabakoreye mu ntangiriro z'ukwezi, uruhererekane rw'ihohoterwa batinya ko ruzongera kubaho.
Ku wa mbere, tariki ya 8 Kanama, umupolisi yegereye ikigo maze atera inkono yari irimo gutegura ifunguro rya mu gitondo. Yababuriye ko bagomba kuva ku rugamba. ntabwo aribyo.
Ku wa kabiri, tariki ya 9, abapolisi benshi n’abashinzwe umutekano bo mu kigo cy’amabuye y’amabuye bafashe ibintu byabo byose, bafungura isuka barayitwika.
Ku wa gatatu, tariki ya 10, umuryango waraye hanze mu rwuri rwa Pampa. Bapfukirana itchu kugirango birinde imbeho.
muremure. Maxima Acuna atuye ku butumburuke bwa metero 4000 hejuru yinyanja. Byatwaye urugendo rw'amasaha ane kuva i Cajamarca unyura mu mibande, imisozi n'ibibaya kugirango ugere iwe.
Ku wa kane tariki ya 11, abapolisi ijana bambaye ingofero, ingabo zo gukingira, inkoni n'imbunda bagiye kubirukana. Baje bafite moteri. Umukobwa muto wa Maxima Acuna, Gilda Chaupe, yapfukamye imbere y'imodoka kugira ngo atinjira mu murima. Mugihe abapolisi bamwe bagerageje kumutandukanya, abandi bakubita nyina na murumuna we. Serija yakubise Gilda inyuma y’umutwe akoresheje ikibunda cy’amasasu, amukubita ubwenge, maze itsinda ryagize ubwoba risubira inyuma. Umukobwa w'imfura, Isidora Shoup, yafashe amajwi asigaye kuri kamera ya terefone. Video ikora iminota mike irashobora kuboneka kuri YouTube ya nyina avuza induru na mushiki we agwa hasi nta ubwenge. Ba injeniyeri ba Yanacocha bareba kure, iruhande rw'ikamyo yabo. Abapolisi bari kumurongo bagiye kugenda. Abahanga mu bumenyi bw'ikirere bavuze ko wari umunsi ukonje cyane mu mwaka muri Cajamarca. Chaupe-Acuñas yaraye hanze muri dogere zirindwi.
Isosiyete icukura amabuye y'agaciro yahakanye inshuro nyinshi ibirego ku bacamanza n'abanyamakuru. Basaba ibimenyetso. Maxima Akunya afite ibyemezo byubuvuzi gusa nifoto yemeza ibikomere byasigaye kumaboko no kumavi. Kuri uwo munsi, abapolisi banditse umushinga w'itegeko ushinja umuryango kwibasira abapolisi umunani badafite komisiyo bakoresheje inkoni, amabuye n'umuhoro, mu gihe bemera ko nta burenganzira bafite bwo kubirukana nta ruhushya babiherewe n'ubushinjacyaha.
Ati: “Wigeze wumva ko lagoon igurishwa?” Maxima Akunya yabajije, afashe ibuye riremereye mu ntoki, ati: "cyangwa ko uruzi rwagurishijwe, isoko yagurishijwe kandi irabujijwe?"
Urugamba rwa Maxima Acuña rwabonye abamushyigikiye muri Peru ndetse no mu mahanga nyuma yuko ikibazo cye kimaze gutangazwa n'itangazamakuru, ariko kandi gifite abashidikanya n'abanzi. Kuri Yanacocha, ni umunyagihugu. Ku bihumbi n’abahinzi n’abaharanira ibidukikije muri Cajamarca, yari Umudamu wa Blue Lagoon, watangiye kumuhamagara igihe ubwigomeke bwe bwamenyekanye. Umugani wa kera wa Dawidi na Goliyati wabaye byanze bikunze: amagambo yumugore wumuhinzi numucukuzi wa zahabu ukomeye muri Amerika y'Epfo. Ariko mubyukuri, abantu bose bafite ibyago: urubanza rwa Maxima Acuña rugongana nicyerekezo gitandukanye cyibyo twita iterambere.
[quote_right] Mbere yo kuba igishushanyo cyo kurwana, yari afite ubwoba bwo kuvuga imbere y'abayobozi. Ntabwo yize kwiregura imbere yumucamanza [/ quote_right]
Usibye isafuriya y'icyuma akoresha muguteka hamwe na prostateque ya platine yerekana iyo amwenyuye, Maxima Acuña ntakindi kintu cyuma gifite agaciro. Nta mpeta, nta gikomo, nta mukufi. Nta fantasy, nta cyuma cyagaciro. Byaramugoye kumva abantu bashimishwa na zahabu. Ntayindi minerval ireshya cyangwa yitiranya ibitekerezo byabantu kuruta flash metallic yikimenyetso cyimiti Au. Iyo usubije amaso inyuma ukareba igitabo icyo ari cyo cyose cyamateka yisi, birahagije kwemeza ko icyifuzo cyo kugitunga cyabyaye intambara no gutsinda, gukomera ingoma no gusenya imisozi n’amashyamba hasi. Zahabu iri kumwe natwe uyumunsi, kuva amenyo kugeza ibice bya terefone zigendanwa na mudasobwa zigendanwa, kuva ibiceri n'ibikombe kugeza ku tubari twa zahabu mu bubiko bwa banki. Zahabu ntabwo ari ingenzi kubinyabuzima byose. Icy'ingenzi cyane, igaburira ibitagira umumaro no kwibeshya kubyerekeye umutekano: hafi 60% bya zahabu yacukuwe ku isi irangirira mu mitako. Mirongo itatu ku ijana ikoreshwa nkinkunga y'amafaranga. Ibyiza byingenzi - kubura ingese, ntibisiga, ntabwo byangirika mugihe - bigira kimwe mubyuma byifuzwa. Ikibazo nuko hasigaye zahabu nkeya kandi nkeya.
Kuva mu bwana, twatekerezaga ko zahabu yacukuwe muri toni kandi amakamyo amagana yarayatwaraga mu bubiko bwa banki mu buryo bwa ingots, ariko mubyukuri yari icyuma gike. Niba dushobora kwegeranya no gushonga zahabu zose twigeze kubona, ntibyaba bihagije kubidendezi bibiri byo koga. Nyamara, isima imwe ya zahabu-ihagije kugirango ikore impeta yo gusezerana-isaba toni zigera kuri mirongo ine zibyondo, bihagije kugirango yuzuze amakamyo mirongo itatu yimuka. Ubutunzi bukize cyane kwisi buragabanuka, kuburyo bigoye kubona imitsi mishya. Amabuye hafi ya yose agomba gucukurwa - ikibaya cya gatatu - yashyinguwe munsi yimisozi yubutayu na lagoons. Ahantu nyaburanga hasigara inyuma yubucukuzi haratandukanye cyane: mugihe ibyobo byasizwe namasosiyete yubucukuzi bwubutaka ari binini cyane kuburyo bishobora kugaragara mu kirere, ibice byakuweho ni bito cyane kuburyo bigera kuri magana abiri bishobora guhura nurushinge. Kimwe mu bubiko bwa zahabu bwa nyuma ku isi giherereye munsi y’imisozi na lagoons ya Cajamarca, imisozi miremire ya Peru, aho isosiyete icukura amabuye y'agaciro ya Yanacocha yakoreraga mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 20.
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Peru n’igihugu kinini cyohereza ibicuruzwa muri Amerika muri Amerika y'Epfo kandi kikaba icya gatandatu kinini ku isi nyuma y'Ubushinwa, Ositaraliya na Amerika. Ibi biterwa ahanini n’igihugu cya zahabu n’ishoramari biva mu masosiyete mpuzamahanga nka Denver igihangange Newmont Corp., twavuga ko ari sosiyete ikize cyane mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro ku isi, ikaba ifite kimwe cya kabiri cya Yanacocha. Umunsi umwe, Yanacocha yacukuye toni zigera ku 500.000 z'isi n'amabuye, bihwanye n'uburemere bwa 500 Boeing 747s. Imisozi yose yazimiye mugihe cyibyumweru bike. Kugeza mu mpera za 2014, isima imwe ya zahabu yari ifite agaciro ka $ 1200. Gukuramo amafaranga akenewe mu gukora impeta, toni zigera kuri 20 z’imyanda ikorwa hamwe n’imiti y’imiti n’ibyuma biremereye. Hariho impamvu iyi myanda ifite uburozi: cyanide igomba gusukwa kubutaka bwangiritse kugirango ikuremo icyuma. Cyanide ni uburozi bwica. Ingano ingano yumuceri irahagije kugirango yice umuntu, kandi miriyoni ya garama yashonga muri litiro yamazi irashobora kwica amafi menshi muruzi. Isosiyete icukura amabuye y'agaciro ya Yanacocha ishimangira kubika cyanide mu kirombe no kuyijugunya hakurikijwe amahame yo mu rwego rwo hejuru y’umutekano. Benshi mubatuye Cajamarca ntibemera ko ubwo buryo bwimiti bwera cyane. Kugirango bagaragaze ko ubwoba bwabo butumvikana cyangwa ngo barwanye ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, bavuze amateka ya Valgar York, intara icukura amabuye y'agaciro aho imigezi ibiri yari itukura kandi nta wundi woga. Cyangwa muri San Andrés de Negritos, aho lagoon iha abaturage amazi yanduye n'amavuta yatwitse yamenetse mu birombe. Cyangwa mu mujyi wa Choro Pampa, ikamyo ya mercure yamennye ku bw'impanuka uburozi, yangiza imiryango amagana. Nkigikorwa cyubukungu, ubwoko bumwebumwe bwubucukuzi byanze bikunze kandi nibyingenzi mubuzima bwacu. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, n’inganda zateye imbere mu buhanga kandi zangiza ibidukikije ku isi zifatwa nk’umwanda. Kuri Yanacocha, usanzwe afite uburambe muri Peru, guhanagura imyumvire ye itari yo ku bidukikije birashobora kugorana nko kuzura umutego mu kiyaga cyanduye.
Kunanirwa kwabaturage bihangayikishije abashoramari bacukura amabuye y'agaciro, ariko ntibishoboka cyane ko inyungu zabo zigabanuka. Nk’uko Yanacocha abivuga, imyaka ine yonyine ya zahabu yagumye mu birombe bye bikora. Umushinga wa Conga, ugize hafi kimwe cya kane cy'akarere ka Lima, uzemerera ubucuruzi gukomeza. Yanacocha yasobanuye ko agomba kuvoma lagoons enye, ariko akubaka ibigega bine byari kugaburirwa n'amazi y'imvura. Nk’uko ubushakashatsi bw’ingaruka ku bidukikije bubitangaza, ibi birahagije guha abantu 40.000 amazi yo kunywa ava mu nzuzi ziva muri ayo masoko. Isosiyete icukura amabuye y'agaciro izacukura zahabu mu gihe cy'imyaka 19, ariko isezeranya guha akazi abantu bagera ku 10,000 no gushora hafi miliyari 5 z'amadolari, bikazana imisoro myinshi mu gihugu. Iki ni igitekerezo cyawe. Ba rwiyemezamirimo bazahabwa inyungu nyinshi kandi Peru izaba ifite amafaranga menshi yo gushora mu mirimo no mu kazi. Isezerano ryo gutera imbere kuri bose.
[quote_box_right] Bamwe bavuga ko inkuru ya Maxima Akunya yakoreshejwe n’abarwanya ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro barwanya iterambere ry'igihugu [/ quote_box_right]
Ariko nkuko abanyapolitiki n'abayobozi b'ibitekerezo bashyigikira umushinga ku mpamvu z'ubukungu, hari ba injeniyeri n'abashinzwe ibidukikije babirwanya ku mpamvu z'ubuzima rusange. Impuguke mu micungire y’amazi nka Robert Moran wo muri kaminuza ya Texas na Peter Koenig wahoze ari umukozi wa Banki y’isi, basobanura ko lagoons makumyabiri n’amasoko magana atandatu aboneka mu gace k’umushinga wa Konga bigize uburyo bwo gutanga amazi. Sisitemu yo gutembera, yashizweho mu myaka miriyoni, igaburira inzuzi kandi ivomera urwuri. Abahanga basobanura ko irimbuka rya lagoons enye rizagira ingaruka iteka ryose. Bitandukanye n’ibindi bice bya Andes, mu misozi miremire ya Peru, aho Maxima Acuna atuye, nta kibara kinini gishobora gutanga amazi ahagije ku bahatuye. Lagoons y'iyi misozi ni ibigega bisanzwe. Ubutaka bwumukara nibyatsi bikora nka sponge ndende, bikurura imvura nubushuhe buva mu gihu. Kuva aha havuka amasoko n'inzuzi. Amazi arenga 80% ya Peru akoreshwa mubuhinzi. Mu kibaya cyo hagati cya Cajamarca, nk'uko raporo ya Minisiteri y’ubuhinzi yo mu 2010 ibigaragaza, ubucukuzi bwakoresheje hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy’amazi yakoreshejwe n’abaturage bo muri ako karere mu mwaka umwe. Uyu munsi, ibihumbi n’abahinzi n’aborozi bafite impungenge ko ubucukuzi bwa zahabu buzanduza isoko y’amazi yonyine.
Muri Cajamarca no mu zindi ntara ebyiri zitabira umushinga, inkuta zumuhanda zimwe zuzuyemo graffiti: “Konga no va”, “Amazi yego, zahabu oya”. Umwaka wa 2012 wari umwaka uhuze cyane mu myigaragambyo ya Yanacocha, aho ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Apoyo bwatangaje ko umunani ku baturage 10 ba Kahamakan barwanyije uyu mushinga. Muri Lima, aho ibyemezo bya politiki bya Peru bifatirwa, iterambere ritanga kwibeshya ko igihugu kizakomeza gushyira mu mufuka amafaranga. Ariko ibi birashoboka gusa niba Konga yagiye. Bitabaye ibyo, abayobozi bamwe batekereza, ibiza bizakurikiraho. [1] Pedro Pablo Kuczynski wahoze ari minisitiri w’ubukungu akaba umukandida wa perezida, azahatana na Keiko Fujimori mu cyiciro cya kabiri cy’amatora rusange yo muri Kamena 2016, ati: "Niba Konga itagiye, ni nko kwikubita agashyi." . , yanditse mu kiganiro ati: "Muri ba rwiyemezamirimo, umushinga wa Conga uzaba urokora ubuzima: intambwe mbere na nyuma." Ku bahinzi nka Maxima Acuna, byanagaragaje impinduka mu mateka yabo: baramutse batakaje umutungo wabo nyamukuru, ubuzima bwabo ntibuzongera kubaho ukundi. Bamwe bavuga ko amatsinda arwanya ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro arwanya iterambere ry'igihugu yifashishije inkuru ya Maxima Acuña. Icyakora, amakuru yo muri ako gace amaze igihe kinini agaragaza icyizere cy'abashaka gushora imari uko byagenda kose: nk'uko ibiro by'Umuvunyi bibitangaza, guhera muri Gashyantare 2015, impuzandengo ya karindwi kuri icumi mu makimbirane yabaye muri Peru yatewe n'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro. Mu myaka itatu ishize, buri Kahamakan ya kane yabuze akazi. Ku mugaragaro Cajamarca ni ubucukuzi bwa zahabu cyane, ariko akarere gakennye cyane mu gihugu.
Kuri Lado B dusangiye igitekerezo cyo gusangira ubumenyi, turekura inyandiko zashyizweho umukono nabanyamakuru nitsinda ryakazi bivuye ku mutwaro wuburenganzira burinzwe, ahubgo duharanira kubasha kubisangiza kumugaragaro, burigihe dukurikiza CC BY-NC-SA. 2.5 Uruhushya rwa MX rudafite ubucuruzi hamwe ninshingano.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-22-2022