Umuyaga urahuha. Ibihumbi n'ibihumbi by'abakinnyi barimo gukora kugirango bahungabanye uburyo gakondo bw'amahugurwa, uburezi n'isesengura muri guverinoma no kwirwanaho. Ihuriro ry’ibanze ryateye imbere mu bihugu byinshi, kandi binyuze mu mushinga uhuriweho witwa Fight Club International, abakinyi b’abasivili n’abasirikare barimo kugerageza ikoranabuhanga mu bucuruzi kugira ngo berekane icyo bakora kugira ngo bakemure ibibazo by’umutekano w’igihugu. Ariko nubwo ikoranabuhanga ariryo shingiro rya gahunda, intego nyamukuru yaryo ni uguhindura umuco, ntakintu cyoroshye mumashyirahamwe ya gisirikare hamwe n'amateka yabo yimbitse hamwe na bureaucracy yashinze imizi.
Inzitizi ihuriweho no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rihindura ni ibitekerezo byabakoresha, cyangwa muyandi magambo, ubushake bwabakoresha gukoresha ibitekerezo byabo byukuri. Igeragezwa ryambere rya "Fight Club" mu bigereranyo byubaka byiswe "Inshingano yo Kurwanira" byerekanaga ko abakinnyi ba gisivili badafite imyitozo ya gisirikare barushije abapolisi bafite uburambe bwimyaka. Ubwenge bw'abakina igisirikare ni buke, muburyo bwa dogmatika bwizirika kuri dogma. Icyababaje, basanze umuvuduko wabo wo gufata ibyemezo watinze kurenza uw'abakinnyi bashishoza kandi bafite ubuhanga.
Muri Allied Rapid Reaction Force, ibi bitangiye kugira icyo bihindura. Vuba aha, Umuyobozi w’ingabo zirwanira mu mazi, Lieutenant Commander, yagiye mu butumwa bw’imirwano hiyongereyeho intambara gakondo kugira ngo arusheho kumenya neza uburyo ibikorwa byo gushakisha bishobora kuba bisa mu ntambara. Mu kubikora, umupolisi yavumbuye itandukaniro ry’ubwenge bw’imirambo, bituma habaho impinduka zikenewe mu igenamigambi ry’imirambo. Abasirikare barushaho kumenyera biga kurugamba binyuze mumyigire yuburambe kumikino.
Urebye ingengo y’imari nini no kubona mu buryo butaziguye ubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga ku isi, ingabo z’iburengerazuba ziri mu mwanya mwiza wo gukoresha mudasobwa zigezweho, gutunganya amakuru ndetse n’iterambere mu buhanga bw’ubukorikori. Ariko, bahura nimbogamizi zingirakamaro: inzego zita ku guharanira inyungu. Inzitizi izo ngabo zihura nazo zigaragaza imbogamizi nini mu mibereho yo guhindura umurimo w’igihugu n'amahirwe yo guhindura ibintu bigenewe ejo hazaza heza.
Inzego nke zumva amateka yazo cyane kuruta igisirikare. Abayobozi bakuru b'ingabo bifuza kugisha inama amateka yabo, bagerageza kumva icyo kuyobora bisobanura. Ingero zirashobora gutandukana, ariko insanganyamatsiko zirasa: kuba kurugamba, iyobowe nurugero, gutera abayoboke amagambo n'amagambo, gutanga bitanze.
Byagenda bite se niba ibyo byose byarahindutse? Nigute ikigo gifite imizi yimbitse yamateka gihuza nimbaraga zo guhungabanya ikoranabuhanga rigezweho? Nigute ushobora kwakira umuco wo gutangira mugihe ADN yawe iboheshejwe amateka na bureaucracy?
Igisirikare cyiki gihe kizatanga iminwa kubishobora kwangiza iterambere ryikoranabuhanga, bikubiyemo amagambo nka "impinduramatwara ya gisirikare" mu magambo yabo yabigize umwuga. Ariko abayobozi bangahe bangahe bazatora kugirango (cyangwa amashyirahamwe bakuriyemo) ashaje? Gutinya umuntu ku giti cye ni inzitizi yinzego zo guhinduka muri rusange. Ikoranabuhanga ridakumirwa rikorera igisirikare ibyo Frederick W. Taylor yakoreye inganda zabanyamerika mu ntangiriro yikinyejana cya 20: niba atari ubucuruzi bukomeye, ntakindi ukeneye. Niba iyi nzira itabaye mu nganda, Amerika yari gusigara ifite igihe cyashize kandi kidashoboka cy’umusaruro w’inganda, bityo ubukungu bukaba bwaracitse intege cyane. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, niba ubwoba bwo guta igihe bubuza ibi mu gisirikare, ibisubizo bizaba imbaraga zishaje, zidahagije - bitinda cyane kandi bidakora neza kugirango bihangane nabanzi bayo.
Ikintu cyumuntu nimbogamizi nini yikoranabuhanga. Urebye kwihanganira ibintu birenze urugero, indege zitagira abapilote zirashobora kurenza indege zikoreshwa n'abantu. Bigereranijwe ko imodoka zigezweho zo gutwara ibinyabiziga zifite umutekano 70% kurusha abashoferi basanzwe. Ibyuma byubutaka bigezweho bizerekana amashusho nuburyo bwiza kuruta abantu. Indege itagira abadereva 30.000 irashobora gukora ubushakashatsi ku butaka burenga miliyoni 12 z’amadolari y’imodoka yo kugenzura. Ariko, kwanga kwakira neza iryo koranabuhanga bituruka ku kuba abantu bishimira gusabana n'abantu - intege nke zishingiye ku bintu bigaragara cyane mu bigo byubatswe ku bantu. Mushayidi kuvuga inkuru zikomeye muri Top Gun: Maverick.
Bite ho ku bantu? Gukurura imbarutso ntabwo ari agaciro ka muntu, ahubwo ni urubanza rwo kumenya niba gukurura cyangwa kudakurura. Gusuzuma imiterere yibikorwa, gusuzuma ingaruka, no guca imanza zumuco ni abantu. Tekinoroji nkubwenge bwubuhanga isaba abantu gukomeza kubikora, ariko byihuse kandi nibisubizo byiza. Ikipe ya Fight Club yo mu Bwongereza, ku bufatanye na Laboratoire y’Ubwongereza ishinzwe ubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga, irimo gushakisha uburyo imikino ishobora kuzamura imikorere y’abantu mu ntambara yihuse aho amarobo hamwe n’ibibuga bidafite abadereva bihindura imbaraga z’urugamba. Ibimenyetso bya mbere byerekana ko igisirikare kititeguye kurugamba nkurwo. Birihuta kandi byica, bisaba imiterere nubushobozi bushya bwo guhangana na vortice zigoye.
Usibye ama robo meza, igisirikare gikeneye abantu beza bashoboye gukora sisitemu igoye yo guhuza n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere ifite umuvuduko mwinshi n'ubwenge. Tugomba gushakisha no guteza imbere Ander Wiggins igezweho ishoboye guhuza ubushobozi no guhuza ingaruka kurugamba rwuzuye sensor.
Tuvuge iki ku bakinyi? Nibyo, barashobora gufasha. Niba ikinyejana gishize cyarasobanuwe n'imbaraga za sinema n'amashusho yimuka, ikinyejana cya makumyabiri na rimwe cyasimbuye inararibonye mu bitangazamakuru hamwe nimbaraga zo guhuza imikino. Imikino itanga inkuru zikomeye, uburambe, kandi cyane cyane, amakuru. Imikino ifite amahirwe menshi kubera gukusanya amakuru atagira imipaka. Fight Club iri gufata intera ikoresheje amakuru yimikino yo kumenyesha uburyo bushya bwo gutekereza no kurwana. Kuva kumikino yo murwego rwa matrix yerekana uburyo imirwano ikorerwa mukarere kijimye, kugeza kwigana uburyo bwo gutsinda ibirindiro bigoye, ubwenge bwimbaga nyamwinshi burashobora gufasha gutahura ibintu bidasanzwe bikwiye kwigwa. Dore uko. Ibi biganisha ku kuvumbura, kwiga no guhuza n'imihindagurikire y'amahoro n'intambara.
Guhindura uburyo urwana ningirakamaro (niba atari ngombwa) kuruta kugura ibintu bishya. Umukino wa USMC wasanze inyungu zidasanzwe kugirango ugabanye ibikenewe biremereye kandi bihenze. Ingabo zirwanira mu kirere z’Amerika zikoresha umukino wubucuruzi Command: Edition Professional kugirango yerekane ibitekerezo byo kugerageza no kumenyesha amasoko. Umushinga w’ubushakashatsi bw’ubushakashatsi bw’Amerika muri Amerika urimo gushakisha uburyo imikino ishobora kugabanya kubogama kwubwenge bigira ingaruka ku gufata ibyemezo no gusesengura amakuru. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko kwiga bishingiye kumikino bitezimbere imyumvire yabakinnyi. Ikigaragara ni uko gukurura abakina imikino no kumenyekanisha imikino myinshi bishobora kunoza ingamba zo kurinda umutekano na guverinoma, ariko tuzemera ko umuco uhinduka? Cyangwa kubogama kwinzego bizagera mu nzira?
Amashuri makuru ya gisirikare akomeye ku isi afite amashusho y’abayobozi bazwi cyane mu mateka - abantu bavugwa mu magambo ya Theodore Roosevelt, “bari bahari.” Ariko ejo hazaza hashimangira gufata ibyemezo byihuse kubyerekeye kuba ahari bizasaba abayobozi bacu kuguma kuri stage, ntabwo mubyukuri. Aho kugirango babare amarangamutima bayobowe n "ibyuya, umukungugu n'amaraso" byintambara, bakoresha uruhande rukonje, rutuje rwabanyamahanga kugirango bategure ingamba zisobanutse.
Igitekerezo cy'uko abajenerali b'ejo hazaza ari abakinnyi b'iki gihe ni anatema ku bigo byubakiye ku ngero zifatika. Ariko, niba twiziritse ku byahise kandi tugatsimbarara kuri iki gihe, byanze bikunze dutanga ingwate ejo hazaza.
Liyetona Koloneli Nicholas Moran (Ingabo z’Ubwongereza) na Koloneli Arnel David (Ingabo z’Amerika) ni bamwe mu bagize ingabo za NATO zihuse. Batsinze kandi bakora ubushakashatsi bufite intego, butangiza ubushakashatsi bwerekana uburyo ubwenge bwubukorikori hamwe no kwiga imashini bishobora kunoza imikorere ya Land Command hamwe nuburyo bwo gutegura igenamigambi, intambara no gufata ibyemezo. Ndashimira Shashank Joshi na Nicholas Kroli gusoma no gusuzuma iyi ngingo hakiri kare. Amakosa cyangwa ibibazo byose nibyumwanditsi.
Ibitekerezo byatanzwe ni iby'umwanditsi kandi ntabwo bihagarariye umwanya w’ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika, Ishami ry’ingabo cyangwa Minisiteri y’ingabo cyangwa umuryango uwo ari wo wose umwanditsi arimo, harimo n’ingabo z’Ubwongereza cyangwa NATO. .
Wargaming ifite amateka maremare kandi yibitse mumigenzo ya gisirikare. Ibintu byinshi byimikino igezweho hamwe nimikino ya mudasobwa birashobora gukurikiranwa kuri Kriegspiel, mugihe imikino mito yo mukarere nka chess, hnefatafl no kugenda ifite umuco muremure wubuhanzi bukora kandi bufatika.
Ndetse no muri iki gihe imyitozo ya sandbox ifite aho ihurira nizi ntambara, nubwo ikibabaje ni uko agasanduku k'umusenyi nako gahoro gahoro.
Aho gufata intambara zintambara zigezweho (ziracyasaba imbaraga zifatika kugirango zishobore kubaho neza) nkigitekerezo gishya amasezerano ya gisirikare gakondo yanga, bagomba kubonwa nkigikorwa cyihinduranya cyibikoresho byemejwe kandi bimaze igihe byakoreshejwe muburyo bwagaragaye. ibikoresho.
Nkuko byasobanuwe mu ngingo, mudasobwa izwi cyane / populiste “wargame” hamwe nikoranabuhanga ryayo ubu byahujwe kurugamba nyarwo, kandi ni ugusimbuka kwant, ntabwo ari ugusimbuka mugihe gusa. Nigute * komite * yamateka ya gisirikari namato yarushijeho kwiga? - Abashushanya imikino… hamwe nabenegihugu n'ababyeyi bitaho… birampangayikishije.
Ibintu bifite amayeri "ntibigenzurwa" kuko birashobora guteza akaga - ndetse na bureuucracy gakondo yacu ya gisirikare ibaho kugirango * igumane * kugenzura ntishobora kubabuza.
Nyakubahwa, sinzi neza ko numvise igitekerezo cyawe neza. Niba aribyo, ubwo rero sinkeka ko gucengera mumikino ya videwo ikunzwe mubitekerezo bya gisirikare bitandukanye no guterana amakofe cyangwa umupira w'amaguru byahise.
Twizihije nk '"ibumoso" bukomeye mu butayu kandi duha imirwano nka 73 Iburasirazuba nk'ikimenyetso cyo kurwanira mu kirere. Komeza gukoresha amagambo nka "iherezo ryubuzima" mugihe utezimbere igitekerezo cyo gukora. Kubera ko abategura / abareba ejo hazaza bahindukirira abantu barasa aho kuba umupira wamaguru, birasa nkibisanzwe ko amagambo yimikino ya videwo nka "rocket jump" cyangwa "respawn" ashobora kubona inzira mu ndimi gakondo z’abalayiki. Ubufatanye bushoboka hagati yabyo burashimishije.
Nemera ko imikino ikunzwe ari ibintu bishobora guteza akaga bishobora gutesha agaciro ibikenewe kwisi, ariko birashobora gukemurwa: nkibitekerezo rusange byuburyo bukoreshwa muburyo bwa terrain (agasanduku k'umusenyi, nibindi), CPX, nibindi nibindi) na hamwe na bo. Irashobora gukemura impinduka zirengagijwe mumikino ikunzwe wibutsa byihuse abayobozi bato (wenda hamwe na ballball yo murusengero) ko ibyo bahura nabyo mumikino atari ishusho yuzuye.
Bureaucracy nikibazo, ariko ibyo bikosorwa bibera hanze yubuyobozi bwa bureucracy - niba abayobozi bakora akazi kabo kandi bakarinda abo bayobora kubaturuka hejuru.
Kwiyubaka-gusunika gusunika hydrofoils metero 60 munsi ya keel yubwato bwa toni 1.000 kugirango tuneshe imiraba ya metero 42.
Intwaro ya santimetero 12 hamwe na cruiser iremereye “USS Salem (CA-139)” ifite imbunda 9 za santimetero 8 z'intwaro za santimetero 8;
Bizaba byumye kuri ponton nkuru hamwe na turbine ya GE LM2500 + G4 (47,000 hp = 34 MW);
Ndashobora kwibeshya kuri ibi, ariko ntabwo imikino ikunzwe cyane itemerera gukira ibikomere kandi, byanze bikunze, izuka nyuma yubwicanyi? Ahari dushobora kurushaho kwigana "ibyuya n'amaraso y'intambara" aho iyo mikino yatandukanije uyikoresha kuko bakomeretse, cyangwa bahagaritse konti yabo igihe bicwaga.
Imikino ikunzwe cyane ishyira imbere umukino kuruta realism. Birasa nkaho hari ingingo muri Onion mumyaka mike ishize yashinyaguye igitekerezo cy "umukino wa videwo wa gisirikare ufatika".
By'umwihariko, urimo gutekereza uburyo bwo gukina bugwa muburyo butandukanye (umuntu-wambere urasa, adventure, nibindi). Inganda muri rusange, kimwe nubushakashatsi bwacyo, ni muto kandi ijambo riratandukanye hagati yabateza imbere / abaproducer / abize… birahagije kuvuga ko uvuga imikino "ikunzwe" ikinwa nabahungu b'ingimbi. Ibi birayobya, kuko byerekana ijanisha rito cyane ryisoko ryimikino ya videwo kuruta uko byari byateganijwe.
Ibyiciro by'imikino mubisanzwe bigenewe gukoreshwa kwisi (ubuhinzi, indege za gisivili, imikino ya gisirikare, nibindi) bakunze kwita imikino "ikomeye". Ziratandukanye kuva traktor hamwe nabigana indege kugeza sisitemu ya MMOWGLI ya Navy. Ni kuri uru rwego rwo gushushanya ingaruka ziterwa na mundane (mubijyanye no gukina umukino) mubyukuri zifatwa nkukuri: niba udakeneye guhangayikishwa na g, ikibuga, ikibuga, yaw, reka barriel 747 ibe birashimishije cyane, kandi ibyo byose birambirana umuderevu; udafite ibyo byose, ntibishoboka kwiga uburyo bwo kuguruka indege (abaderevu ni cretins, cyane cyane abapilote barwanyi).
Nubwo hari itandukaniro ryinganda, ubushobozi bwo kwigana ako kanya buracyafite agaciro ko kwiga. Iyo nitoje kwigana, buri gihe ngira imyitozo mike aho Joe asabwa gukomeza nubwo yakubiswe. Ububabare burahagije kugirango uhagarike gukora ikosa rimwe, ushimangira igitekerezo cyuko utazacika intege kuberako ubabaye.
Twagiye turwana intambara zishingiye kubushobozi bwacu nkumuryango. Intwaro iteje akaga cyane mu Ntambara ya Mbere n'iya kabiri y'isi yari ikiri imbunda ya kimuntu yatojwe, ariko uburyo bwacu bwo gutangiza ubushobozi bwo gukora mu buryo bw'imodoka (cyane cyane ibinyabiziga bitwaje ibirwanisho n'indege) byaguye urugamba n'uburyo twarwanye. Kuva kuri blitzkrieg kurwanira mu kirere no ku butaka, twahinduye uburyo bwacu bwo kurwana kugira ngo duhuze n'intambara ishingiye kuri uyu munsi.
Kubera ko dufite abaturage bato bamenyereye umukino kandi ahanini badakwiriye gukora imirimo yintoki mubisirikare, kubasha kubaha kugenzura neza imodoka yintambara idafite abapilote mumatsinda yateguwe bishobora kutubera ikibazo. . Hariho ibintu byinshi byumuco, imyitwarire nimyitwarire bigomba gushakishwa, ariko ibi rwose bigira ingaruka kubuhanga bwacu bwo mu kinyejana cya 21.
Tumaze kuvuga ko… tuzi neza ninde wateguye iyi mikino? Hari amakuru yerekeye ubwihindurize yaba yarahawe kuri kodegisi? Byagenda bite se niba iyi mikino ishobora gushirwaho ninyungu mbi zo kudusunikira muri iki cyerekezo cyangwa kutuyobya guhindura inyigisho zishingiye kubisubizo bitari byo? Birasa nkaho bihuye neza n’akarere k’imvi n’Ubushinwa n’Uburusiya hamwe n’intambara y’intambara - rwose bafite uruhare runini muri software na sosiyete zitanga porogaramu.
Kimwe mu bimenyetso nabonye mu cyitegererezo cya DCS (Uburusiya) ni uko igihe ingabo zacu zagonganaga n'ingabo z'Uburusiya n'Ubushinwa, ingabo zitukura zakoze neza cyane - zirenze kure ibipimo bizwi bya sisitemu y'intwaro yakoreshejwe. Ndetse nintwaro zashyizwe kumurongo muke, mumikino AI isa nkaho ikoresha ibisubizo. Urundi rugero: radar yabo yatahuye indege yibye kure kuruta sisitemu zabo.
Noneho, kwishimisha, ibi birashobora kuganisha kurugamba rushimishije. Ariko, niba ibi bishyizwe mubikorwa bigereranywa nigisirikare cyacu, ibyemezo byerekeranye ninshi za misile zikenewe kugirango zuzuze misile zitsinda ry’abashinwa cyangwa gukora SEAD ku miyoboro ya SAM y’Uburusiya, urugero, bishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye kandi bikagabanya ubushobozi bwacu bwo gukora . Iyi izaba intambwe yambere mugushinga urugamba.
igenamiterere rizwi. Ahari imikino y'intambara mu burasirazuba - mu Burusiya n'Ubushinwa - ifite ibyiringiro birenze urugero, nk'umukino w'intambara wa “Midway Plan” ya Nagumo. Cyangwa birashoboka ko bafite icyo tutazi… urugero, amezi make ashize haravuzwe ko misile zo mu Burusiya zishobora gutwara sisitemu zo kubeshya mu birindiro by’intambara by’amahanga hafi ya Kiev.
Byaba bitangaje turamutse turebye imikino yintambara yingabo z’Ubuyapani zirwanira mu mazi mbere y’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose kugira ngo tubone umuvuduko “udashoboka”, intera n'imbaraga zidasanzwe za torpedo zabo, ibyo twaje kumenya nyuma kuva bahimbira ogisijeni? torpedo? .
"Ntibisanzwe" - kwibwira ko Uburengerazuba busumba - gutekereza byaturimbuye kera… nk'inyanja y'Ubushinwa yo ku ya 10 Ukuboza 41.
EncyBrit: Niyihe ntwaro yateje impfu nyinshi mu Ntambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose? Ibibunda byahitanye abantu benshi, bikurikirwa nintwaro nto hanyuma imyuka yuburozi. Bayonet, intwaro ikomeye ingabo z’Ubufaransa zashingiyeho mbere y’intambara, ntabwo zizahitana abantu benshi.
”Mugenzi wa Oxford mumateka ya gisirikare. Mu gihe cy'Intambara ya Napoleon n'Intambara ya Mbere n'iya kabiri y'isi yose, abantu benshi bapfuye - barenga 60 ku ijana mu Burengerazuba bw'Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose - batewe n'imbunda. Mu butayu bw'Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, ubutaka bukomeye, butanduye bwashimangiwe n'ibisasu, kandi iyi ijanisha ryazamutse kugera kuri 75%. Stalin yamwise “Imana yintambara” mu ijambo ryo mu 1944, kandi imitwe y’imbunda ye ifite umuco wo kuba indashyikirwa, kandi kubera impamvu. Byongeye kandi, ntabwo arinzira nziza. umukoresha abigire intwaro yangwa kandi iteye ubwoba yintambara.
Turabibona ubu muri Ukraine. Mu 1944, Stalin yise imbunda imana y'intambara. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5hSTTPkp2x4
Ndetse no mu kinyejana cya 19 wasangaga abantu bake bahitanwa na bayonet, ariko akenshi wasangaga ibyemezo bya bayonet byo guhashya imitwe yabanzi.
Ikibunda gishobora kuba aricyo ntwaro yica cyane mu Ntambara ya Mbere n'iya kabiri y'isi yose, ariko ntibyari byanze bikunze mu myanzuro yabo (byemewe ko byari ibintu bikomeye mu mayeri y'Uburusiya ku rugabano rw'iburasirazuba, nk'uko bigaragara muri Ukraine).
Imyitozo ya Louisiana (kwigana umukino wintambara byemewe) birashobora kuba umusanzu utagereranywa mugutsinda kwingabo zacu.
Iyo bimaze kwinjizwa / gusezerana, biroroshye cyane kubashakishwa kumenyera imirimo yumubiri mubisirikare.
Ariko igisirikare kizemerera Ander Wiggins kuzamuka mubisirikare vuba? Nigute dushobora kubona Anders uhuye nibyifuzo byakazi byabayobozi n'abayobozi? Ese uburyo buriho bwo kwigisha / guhugura busuzuma ubushobozi bwubuyobozi bwabanyeshuri kurwego rwumurima cyangwa kurwego rwabayobozi bakuru? Wibuke, Ender ntabwo yari umusirikare mwiza cyane, ahubwo yari jenerali mwiza. Imyitozo ya gisirikare iriho ntabwo yemerera gusimbuka. Nemera ko kurwana ari bwo buryo bwiza bwo kubona abatekereza bashobora kumenyera ibidukikije bigenda bihinduka kandi bigahinduka, ariko kuvuga ko 1LT Smith yatsinze amarushanwa y'intambara ya gisirikare kandi yazamuwe muri COL / BG / MG ni ugukabya. Byongeye, Ender ntagomba guhangayikishwa ningengo yimari cyangwa ibibazo byabakozi.
Gufata umwanya wo kuzunguza ikintu cyose mumasanduku ya rutahizamu bizamura ubuhanga bwawe cyane kuruta gusoma cyangwa kubiganiraho. Imikino igufasha kwibanda kubuhanga utezimbere uzana moderi yo kwigana hafi yukuri, kandi twakoresheje imyitozo na simulation hamwe nitsinzi ikomeye mubisirikare bya Amerika.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-22-2023