Mbere yo gusiga irangi ibyuma bisize ibyuma byubaka

Gary W. Dallin, P. Ing. Icyuma cyashushanyijeho ibyuma bisize ibyuma byubatswe byakoreshejwe neza mumyaka myinshi. Kimwe mu byerekana ko ikunzwe cyane ni ugukoresha cyane ibisenge byabanjirije gusiga irangi muri Kanada ndetse no ku isi yose.
Igisenge cy'ibyuma kimara inshuro ebyiri cyangwa eshatu kurenza icyuma. 1 Inyubako zicyuma zigize hafi kimwe cya kabiri cyamazu maremare yose adatuye muri Amerika ya ruguru, kandi igice kinini cyizi nyubako zifite ibyuma bisize irangi, ibyuma bisize ibyuma kubisenge ninkuta.
Kugaragaza neza sisitemu yo gutwikira (ni ukuvuga mbere yo kuvura, primer na kote yo hejuru) birashobora gutuma ubuzima bwumurimo bwibisenge bisize irangi hamwe nurukuta rusize ibyuma kurenza imyaka 20 mubisabwa byinshi. Kugirango ugere kubuzima burebure bwa serivisi, abayikora n'abubaka amabara asize ibyuma bakeneye gusuzuma ibibazo bijyanye:
Ibibazo by’ibidukikije Kimwe mu bintu byambere ugomba gusuzuma muguhitamo icyuma kibanziriza irangi ibyuma bisize ibyuma ni ibidukikije bizakoreshwa. 2 Ibidukikije birimo ikirere rusange n’ingaruka zaho.
Ubunini bwaho bugena ingano nuburemere bwimirasire ya UV ibicuruzwa byerekanwe, umubare wamasaha yizuba kumwaka hamwe nu mfuruka yo kwerekana imbaho ​​zabanjirije irangi. Ikigaragara ni uko ibisenge bito (ni ukuvuga igorofa) ibisenge by'inyubako biherereye mu turere two mu butayu bw’ubutayu bisaba primer irwanya UV hamwe na sisitemu yo kurangiza kugirango birinde gucika imburagihe, kurigata, no guturika. Ku rundi ruhande, imirasire ya UV yangiza kwiziritse ku nkuta z’inyubako ziherereye mu burebure buri hejuru hamwe n’ikirere cyijimye cyane.
Igihe gitose nigihe cyo gusakara hejuru yurukuta no kurukuta biba bitose kubera imvura, ubuhehere bwinshi, igihu hamwe na kondegene. Sisitemu yo gusiga irangi ntabwo irinzwe nubushuhe. Nibisigara bitose bihagije, ubuhehere amaherezo buzagera kuri substrate munsi yigitambaro icyo aricyo cyose hanyuma gitangire kubora. Ubwinshi bwimyanda ihumanya nka dioxyde de sulfure na chloride igaragara mu kirere igena umuvuduko wa ruswa.
Ingaruka zaho cyangwa microclimatike zigomba kwitabwaho zirimo icyerekezo cyumuyaga, kohereza imyanda ihumanya ninganda hamwe nibidukikije byo mu nyanja.
Mugihe uhisemo sisitemu yo gutwikira, icyerekezo cyumuyaga cyiganje kigomba kwitabwaho. Hagomba kwitonderwa niba inyubako iherereye munsi yisoko yanduza imiti. Imyuka ya gaze kandi ikomeye irashobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye kuri sisitemu. Muri kilometero 5 (kilometero 3.1) zahantu haremereye inganda, ruswa irashobora kuva kumurongo ugereranije ukabije, bitewe nicyerekezo cyumuyaga nikirere cyaho. Kurenga iyi ntera, ingaruka zijyanye n'ingaruka zanduza igihingwa zisanzwe zigabanuka.
Niba inyubako zisize irangi hafi yinyanja, ingaruka zamazi yumunyu zirashobora kuba mbi. Kugera kuri m 300 (984 ft) uvuye ku nkombe zirashobora kuba ingorabahizi, mugihe ingaruka zikomeye zishobora kugaragara kugera kuri kilometero 5 imbere ndetse no kure cyane, bitewe numuyaga wo hanze. Inkombe ya Atalantike yo muri Kanada ni agace kamwe gashobora guterwa n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere.
Niba kwangirika kwahantu hateganijwe kubakwa bitagaragara, birashobora kuba byiza gukora ubushakashatsi bwaho. Amakuru aturuka kuri sitasiyo yo gukurikirana ibidukikije ni ingirakamaro kuko atanga amakuru ku mvura, ubushuhe n'ubushuhe. Kugenzura ahantu harinzwe hagaragara, hahumanye ibintu bituruka ku nganda, imihanda, n'umunyu wo mu nyanja. Imikorere yinyubako zegeranye zigomba kugenzurwa - niba ibikoresho byubwubatsi nkuruzitiro rwa galvanis hamwe na galvanised cyangwa byabanje gusiga irangi, ibisenge, imyanda n'amatara bimeze neza nyuma yimyaka 10-15, ibidukikije birashobora kutangirika. Niba imiterere ibaye ikibazo nyuma yimyaka mike gusa, nibyiza kwitonda.
Abatanga amarangi bafite ubumenyi nuburambe bwo gutanga sisitemu yo gusiga amarangi kubikorwa byihariye.
Ibyifuzo byibyuma bisize ibyuma Ubunini bwikibiriti cyometse munsi y irangi bugira ingaruka zikomeye mubuzima bwumurimo wibikoresho byabanjirije irangi ahantu, cyane cyane mubyerekeranye na panne. Umubyimba mwinshi wicyuma, niko igipimo cyo kugabanuka kwangirika kumpande zaciwe, gushushanya cyangwa ahandi hantu hose ubusugire bwibikorwa byo gusiga irangi.
Kwiyogoshesha kwangirika kwicyuma aho gukata cyangwa kwangirika kurangi bihari, hamwe na zinc cyangwa zinc zishingiye kuri zinc. Nkuko igifuniko gikoreshwa nigisubizo cyangirika, irangi ritakaza gufatana hamwe no guhindagurika cyangwa guhindagurika hejuru. Umubyimba mwinshi wicyuma, niko umuvuduko wo kugabanuka utinda kandi umuvuduko ukabije.
Kubijyanye na galvanizing, akamaro k'ubunini bwa zinc, cyane cyane kubisenge, nimwe mumpamvu zituma abakora ibicuruzwa byinshi berekana amabati basaba ASTM A653 ibisobanuro bisanzwe kubishyushye bishyushye (galvanised) cyangwa urupapuro rwa zinc-fer. uburyo bwo kwibiza (galvanised annealed), uburemere bwo gutwikira (ni ukuvuga misa) izina rya G90 (ni ukuvuga 0,90 oz / sqft) Z275 (ni ukuvuga 275 g / m2) ibereye kumpapuro zabigenewe mbere. Kuri pre-coatings ya 55% AlZn, ikibazo cyubugari kiba kigoye kubwimpamvu nyinshi. ASTM A792 / A792M, Ibisobanuro bisanzwe byerekana icyuma, 55% Bishyushye Dip Aluminium-Zinc Alloy Coating Weight (ni ukuvuga Mass) Kugenera AZ50 (AZM150) mubisanzwe ni igifuniko gisabwa kuko cyerekanwe ko gikwiye kumurimo muremure.
Kimwe mu bintu ugomba kuzirikana ni uko ibikorwa byo gutwikisha umuzingo muri rusange bidashobora gukoresha urupapuro rusize ibyuma rwashizwemo imiti ya chromium. Iyi miti irashobora kwanduza isuku nibisubizo byabanje kuvurwa kumirongo irangi, bityo imbaho ​​zidafite pasiporo zikoreshwa cyane. 3
Bitewe nuburyo bukomeye kandi bworoshye, Ubuvuzi bwa Galvanised (GA) ntibukoreshwa mugukora amabati yabanje gusiga irangi. Isano iri hagati y irangi niyi zinc-fer alloy coating irakomeye kuruta isano iri hagati yo gutwika nicyuma. Mugihe cyo kubumba cyangwa gukubita, GA izacika kandi isenywe munsi y irangi, bigatuma ibice byombi bikuramo.
Ibara rya Sisitemu Ibitekerezo Biragaragara, kimwe mubintu byingenzi mugukora neza ni irangi rikoreshwa kumurimo. Kurugero, mubice byakira urumuri rwizuba rwinshi hamwe nubushyuhe bukabije bwa UV, ni ngombwa guhitamo kurangiza-kwangirika, mugihe mubice bifite ubuhehere bwinshi, kubanza kubivura no kurangiza byateguwe kugirango birinde kwinjiza amazi. (Ibibazo bijyanye na sisitemu yihariye yo gutwikira ni byinshi kandi bigoye kandi birenze iyi ngingo.)
Kurwanya kwangirika kwicyuma gisizwe irangi ryatewe cyane nubushakashatsi bwimiti nu mubiri byimiterere hagati yubuso bwa zinc hamwe nubutaka kama. Kugeza vuba aha, isahani ya zinc yakoresheje imiti ivanze ya oxyde ivanze kugirango itange imiyoboro. Ibi bikoresho bigenda bisimbuzwa umubyimba mwinshi kandi urwanya ruswa zinc fosifate irwanya ruswa munsi ya firime. Zinc fosifate ikora cyane cyane mubidukikije byo mu nyanja no mubihe bitose.
ASTM A755 / A755M, inyandiko itanga incamake rusange yimyenda iboneka kubicuruzwa byometseho ibyuma, yitwa "Urupapuro rwicyuma, Hot Dip Coated Metal" kandi rwashizweho mbere na coil coil kubicuruzwa byubatswe byatewe ningaruka za ibidukikije byo hanze.
Gutekereza kubikorwa byo gutwikisha ibipapuro byabitswe mbere Impinduka imwe yingenzi igira ingaruka kubuzima bwibicuruzwa byateganijwe mbere aho biri ni uguhimba urupapuro rwabitswe mbere. Igikorwa cyo gutwikira ibipapuro byabitswe mbere birashobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye kumikorere. Kurugero, gusiga irangi ryiza nibyingenzi kugirango wirinde gukuramo cyangwa guhuha irangi mumurima. Gufata neza bisaba tekinoroji yo kugenzura neza. Inzira yo gushushanya imizingo igira ingaruka mubuzima bwa serivisi murwego. Ibibazo bikubiyemo:
Uruganda rutwikiriye ibicuruzwa rutanga impapuro zabanjirije irangi ku nyubako zifite uburyo bwiza bufite ireme butuma ibyo bibazo bigenzurwa neza. 4
Igishushanyo mbonera hamwe n'ibishushanyo mbonera Akamaro k'ibishushanyo mbonera, cyane cyane radiyo yunamye ku rubavu, ni ikindi kibazo gikomeye. Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, kwangirika kwa zinc bibaho aho firime yamabara yangiritse. Niba ikibaho cyarakozwe hamwe na radiyo ntoya igoramye, hazajya habaho ibice mumabara. Utwo dusimba akenshi ni duto kandi bakunze kwita "microcrack". Nyamara, icyuma gitwikiriye cyashyizwe ahagaragara kandi haribishoboka ko hongerwa umuvuduko wa ruswa hamwe na radiyo yunamye yikibaho.
Ibishoboka bya microcrack mu kugunira ntibisobanura ko ibice byimbitse bidashoboka - abashushanya bagomba gutanga radiyo nini ishoboka kugirango bemere ibyo bice.
Usibye akamaro k'ibishushanyo mbonera byerekana imashini, imikorere yimashini ikora ibizunguruka nayo igira ingaruka kumusaruro mumurima. Kurugero, ikibanza cya roller gishyiraho bigira ingaruka kuri radiyo ifatika. Niba guhuza bidakozwe neza, kugoreka birashobora gukora kinks ityaye kuri profil yunamye aho kuba radiyo yoroshye. Iyunamye "ifatanye" irashobora kuganisha kuri microcrake zikomeye. Ni ngombwa kandi ko imizingo yo gushyingiranwa idashushanya irangi, kuko ibi bizagabanya ubushobozi bwirangi bwo guhuza nigikorwa cyo kugonda. Cushioning nikindi kibazo gifitanye isano kigomba kumenyekana mugihe cyo gushushanya. Inzira isanzwe yo kwemerera kugaruka ni "kink" ikibaho. Ibi birakenewe, ariko kunama birenze mugihe cyo gukora profil bivamo microcrack nyinshi. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, uburyo bwo kugenzura ubuziranenge bwububiko bwakozwe bugamije gukemura ibyo bibazo.
Imiterere izwi nka "amavuta yamavuta" cyangwa "umufuka" rimwe na rimwe ibaho mugihe uzunguza ibyuma byabanjirije irangi. Umwirondoro wibibaho ufite urukuta rugari cyangwa ibice bisa (urugero imyirondoro yo kubaka) birashoboka cyane. Ibi bintu bitera isura itemewe iyo ushyizeho panne hejuru yinzu. Amabati yamavuta arashobora guterwa nimpamvu zitandukanye, zirimo uburinganire bubi bwurupapuro rwinjira, imikorere yimashini hamwe nuburyo bwo kwishyiriraho, kandi birashobora no guterwa no gutobora urupapuro mugihe cyo gukora nkuko guhangayika bikabije biva mubyerekezo birebire bya urupapuro. Umwanya. 5 Uku gukomera kwa elastique bibaho kubera ko ibyuma bifite imbaraga nke cyangwa zeru zongerera imbaraga (YPE), guhindura inkoni-kunyerera bibaho mugihe ibyuma birambuye.
Mugihe cyo kuzunguruka, urupapuro rugerageza kunanuka mubyerekezo byubugari no kugabanuka mubyerekezo birebire mukarere. Mu byuma bike bya YPE, agace kadakozwe neza kegeranye nu mugongo karinzwe kugabanuka kuva kera kandi kari muri compression. Iyo imihangayiko yo kwikuramo irenze imipaka igabanya ubukana, imifuka yumufuka ibera mukarere.
Ibyuma byinshi bya YPE bitezimbere ubumuga kuko guhangayikishwa cyane bikoreshwa mukunanuka kwaho byibanda ku kugunama, bikavamo ihererekanyabubasha rito mu cyerekezo kirekire. Rero, phenomenon yo guhagarika amazi (local) ikoreshwa. Kubwibyo, ibyuma byabanjirije irangi hamwe na YPE birenze 4% birashobora kuzunguruka muburyo bushimishije. Ibikoresho byo hasi ya YPE birashobora kuzunguruka nta tanki yamavuta, bitewe nurusyo, uburebure bwibyuma hamwe numwirondoro.
Uburemere bwikigega cya peteroli buragabanuka uko imirongo myinshi ikoreshwa mugukora umwirondoro, uburebure bwibyuma byiyongera, kugoreka radii kwiyongera nubugari bwurukuta bikagabanuka. Niba YPE irenze 6%, gouges (ni ukuvuga ihinduka rikomeye ryaho) irashobora kubaho mugihe cyo kuzunguruka. Amahugurwa akwiye kuruhu mugihe cyo gukora azabigenzura. Abakora ibyuma bagomba kubimenya mugihe batanga ibipapuro byabanje gusiga irangi kububiko bwubaka kugirango inzira yo gukora ikoreshwe kubyara YPE mumipaka yemewe.
Kubika no Gukemura Ibitekerezo Birashoboka ko ikibazo cyingenzi mububiko bwikibanza ari ugukomeza imbaho ​​zumye kugeza zishizwe mu nyubako. Niba ubuhehere bwemerewe gucengera hagati yikibaho cyegeranye kubera imvura cyangwa ubukonje, kandi hejuru yikibaho ntibyemewe gukama vuba, ibintu bimwe na bimwe bitifuzwa birashobora kubaho. Gufata irangi birashobora kwangirika bigatuma umufuka muto wumuyaga uri hagati y irangi na zinc mbere yuko ikibaho gishyirwa mubikorwa. Ntawabura kuvuga, iyi myitwarire irashobora kwihutisha gutakaza amarangi muri serivisi.
Rimwe na rimwe, kuba hari ubushuhe buri hagati yimbaho ​​zubatswe birashobora gutuma habaho ingese yera kuri panne (ni ukuvuga kwangirika kwa zinc). Ibi ntabwo ari byiza gusa, ariko birashobora gutuma akanama kadakoreshwa.
Impapuro zimpapuro mukazi zigomba kuzingirwa mumpapuro niba zidashobora kubikwa imbere. Urupapuro rugomba gukoreshwa muburyo amazi adateranya muri bale. Nibura, paki igomba gutwikirwa tarp. Hasi hasigaye gufungura kugirango amazi ashobore gutemba mu bwisanzure; byongeyeho, ituma umwuka wubusa ugenda wumye mugihe habaye kondegene. 6
Ibishushanyo mbonera byubaka Ruswa yibasiwe cyane nikirere gitose. Kubwibyo, rimwe mu mategeko yingenzi yo gushushanya ni ukureba niba amazi yimvura yose hamwe na shelegi bishobora gutemba kure yinyubako. Amazi ntagomba kwemererwa kwegeranya no guhura ninyubako.
Ibisenge byubatswe gato nibyo byoroshye kwangirika kuko bihura nimirasire myinshi ya UV, imvura ya aside, ibintu byangiza nu miti yumuyaga - hagomba gukorwa ibishoboka byose kugirango amazi atagabanuka mu gisenge, guhumeka, ibikoresho byo guhumeka hamwe ninzira nyabagendwa.
Kuvomera amazi kumpande ya spillway biterwa nubuso bwinzu: hejuru cyane, ni nako ibintu byangirika byumutonyanga. Byongeye kandi, ibyuma bidasa nkibyuma, aluminium, umuringa, nisasu bigomba gutandukanywa n’amashanyarazi kugirango birinde kwangirika kwa galvanike, kandi inzira zamazi zigomba gutegurwa kugirango amazi atemba ava mubintu bikajya mubindi. Tekereza gukoresha ibara ryoroheje hejuru yinzu yawe kugirango ugabanye kwangirika kwa UV.
Byongeye kandi, ubuzima bwikibaho burashobora kugabanywa muri utwo turere twinyubako ahari urubura rwinshi kurusenge kandi urubura ruguma hejuru yinzu hejuru yigihe kinini. Niba inyubako yarakozwe kugirango umwanya uri munsi yicyumba gisusuruke, noneho urubura kuruhande rwibisate rushobora gushonga imbeho yose. Ibi byakomeje gushonga buhoro buhoro biva mumazi ahoraho (nukuvuga igihe kirekire) kumwanya wasize irangi.
Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, amaherezo amazi azacengera muri firime irangi kandi kwangirika bizaba bikomeye, bikavamo ubuzima bwigihe gito kidasanzwe. Niba igisenge cy'imbere gikingiwe kandi munsi ya shitingi ikomeza gukonja, urubura ruhuye nubuso bwinyuma ntirushonga burundu, kandi irinda amababi hamwe na ruswa ya zinc bifitanye isano nigihe kirekire cyamazi. Wibuke kandi ko uko sisitemu yo gusiga irangi, bizatwara igihe kinini mbere yuko ubushuhe bwinjira muri substrate.
Urukuta Urukuta rw'uruhande ruhagaritse ntabwo rufite ikirere kandi ntirwangiritse kurusha izindi nyubako, usibye hejuru yuburinzi. Byongeye kandi, kwambara biherereye ahantu harinzwe nko gutabara inkuta n’imisozi ntigaragara cyane ku zuba n’imvura. Aha hantu, ruswa yongerwaho n’uko umwanda utogejwe n’imvura hamwe na kondegene, kandi nanone ntukume kubera kubura izuba ryinshi. By'umwihariko hakwiye kwitabwaho kurinda ibidukikije mu nganda cyangwa mu nyanja cyangwa hafi y’imihanda minini.
Ibice bitambitse byo gufunga urukuta bigomba kuba bifite ahantu hahanamye kugirango hirindwe kwegeranya amazi n’umwanda - ibi ni ingenzi cyane cyane kubutaka bwo hasi, kubera ko ahahanamye bidahagije bishobora gutera kwangirika no kwambikwa hejuru.
Kimwe n'ibisenge, ibyuma bidasa nkibyuma, aluminium, umuringa nisasu bigomba kuba byashyizwe mumashanyarazi kugirango birinde ruswa. Nanone, mu bice bifite urubura rwinshi, ruswa ishobora kuba ikibazo cyo kuruhande - niba bishoboka, agace kegereye inyubako kagomba guhanagurwaho urubura cyangwa hagomba gushyirwaho uburyo bwiza bwo gukumira urubura ruhoraho ku nyubako. Ubuso.
Kwikingira ntigomba gutose, kandi nibikora, ntuzigere wemera guhura na panne yabanje gusiga irangi - niba insulasiyo itose, ntabwo izuma vuba (niba ari byose), hasigara ibibaho byerekanwe kumara igihe kinini ubuhehere - - Iyi miterere izaganisha kunanirwa byihuse. Kurugero, iyo insulasiyo hepfo yurukuta rwuruhande rwamazi itose kubera kwinjiza amazi hasi, igishushanyo hamwe na panne hejuru yacyo bigaragara ko ari byiza kuruta kugira munsi yikibaho gishyizwe hejuru hejuru ya hepfo. Mugabanye ibishoboka iki kibazo kibaho.
Imbaho ​​zabanje gusiga irangi zometseho 55% ya aluminium-zinc ivanze ntigomba guhura neza na beto itose - ubwinshi bwa beto irashobora kwangirika aluminiyumu, bigatuma igifuniko gikuramo. 7 Niba porogaramu irimo gukoresha imashini zinjira mu kibaho, zigomba gutoranywa kugirango ubuzima bwabo bwa serivisi buhure nubwa panne irangi. Uyu munsi hari imigozi / ifatisha hamwe nigitambaro kama kumutwe kugirango irwanye ruswa kandi iraboneka mumabara atandukanye kugirango ihuze igisenge / urukuta.
GUSHYIRA MU BIKORWA Ibibazo bibiri byingenzi bifitanye isano no kwishyiriraho umurima, cyane cyane iyo bigeze ku gisenge, birashobora kuba uburyo imbaho ​​zambukiranya igisenge hamwe ningaruka zinkweto n'ibikoresho by'abakozi. Niba burrs ikora kumpande za panne mugihe cyo gukata, firime irangi irashobora gushushanya zinc nkuko panne iranyerera. Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, ahantu hose ubunyangamugayo bw irangi bwangiritse, icyuma kizatangira kwangirika vuba, bigira ingaruka mbi mubuzima bwikibaho cyabanjirije irangi. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, inkweto z'abakozi zishobora gutera ibishushanyo bisa. Ni ngombwa ko inkweto cyangwa inkweto zitemerera amabuye mato cyangwa imyitozo y'ibyuma kwinjira wenyine.
Ibinogo bito na / cyangwa udusanduku (“chips”) bikunze gukorwa mugihe cyo guterana, gufunga no kurangiza - ibuka, birimo ibyuma. Nyuma yuko akazi karangiye, cyangwa na mbere yacyo, ibyuma birashobora kwangirika no gusiga ingese mbi, cyane cyane niba ibara ryirangi ryoroshye. Kenshi na kenshi, iryo bara rifatwa nkaho ari ugutesha agaciro imburagihe mbere y’irangi, kandi usibye gutekereza ku bwiza, ba nyir'inyubako bakeneye kumenya neza ko inyubako itazananirwa imburagihe. Kogosha byose hejuru yinzu bigomba guhita bikurwaho.
Niba kwishyiriraho birimo igisenge gito, amazi arashobora kwegeranya. Nubwo igishushanyo mbonera gishobora kuba gihagije kugirango amazi yubusa, hashobora kubaho ibibazo byaho bitera amazi ahagaze. Amenyo mato yasizwe n'abakozi, nko kuva mu kugenda cyangwa gushyira ibikoresho, arashobora kuva ahantu adashobora gutemba mu bwisanzure. Niba amazi yubusa atemewe, amazi ahagaze arashobora gutuma irangi rihinduka, rishobora noneho gutuma irangi ryikuramo ahantu hanini, ibyo bikaba bishobora gutuma habaho kwangirika gukabije kwicyuma munsi y irangi. Gutura inyubako nyuma yo kuyubaka birashobora gutuma amazi adakama neza.
Ibitekerezo byo gufata neza Kubungabunga byoroheje bisize irangi ku nyubako harimo rimwe na rimwe koza amazi. Kubikorwa aho panne ihura nimvura (urugero ibisenge), mubisanzwe ntabwo ari ngombwa. Nyamara, ahantu harinzwe hagaragara nko gusandara no kurukuta munsi ya eva, gusukura buri mezi atandatu bifasha mugukuraho imyunyu yangirika hamwe n imyanda hejuru yumwanya.
Birasabwa ko isuku iyo ari yo yose ikorwa nambere "isuku yikigeragezo" yubuso buto bwubuso ahantu hadafunguye cyane kugirango tubone ibisubizo bishimishije.
Na none, mugihe ukoresheje hejuru yinzu, ni ngombwa kuvanaho imyanda irekuye nkamababi, umwanda, cyangwa imyubakire yubatswe (ni ukuvuga umukungugu cyangwa indi myanda ikikije imyanda yo hejuru). Nubwo ibyo bisigazwa bitarimo imiti ikaze, bizarinda gukama vuba ningirakamaro hejuru yinzu.
Kandi, ntukoreshe amasuka yicyuma kugirango ukureho urubura hejuru yinzu. Ibi birashobora gushikana ku bishushanyo bikabije ku irangi.
Ibyuma byashushanyijeho ibyuma bisize ibyuma byubatswe byubatswe mumyaka myinshi ya serivise idafite ibibazo. Ariko, igihe kirenze, isura yibice byose by'irangi bizahinduka, birashoboka kugeza aho bisabwa gusiga irangi. 8
Umwanzuro Amabati yabanje gusiga irangi yakoreshejwe neza mukubaka kubaka (ibisenge nurukuta) mubihe bitandukanye mumyaka mirongo. Ibikorwa birebire kandi bidafite ibibazo birashobora kugerwaho binyuze muguhitamo neza sisitemu yo gusiga amarangi, gushushanya neza imiterere no kuyitaho buri gihe.