Imvugo: stēl Imikorere: Imvugo yamagambo: Icyongereza cyo hagati stele, kuva Icyongereza Kera, stEle; bisa na Old High German stahalsteel, yenda bisa na Sanskrit stakati, yarabyanze.
Uduce duto twa hekeste (flux) hamwe nubutare bwicyuma biragoye gutunganya no gutwara kubera ivumbi no kubora. Kubwibyo, ibikoresho byifu mubisanzwe bitunganyirizwa mubice binini. Ibiranga ibikoresho fatizo bigena ikoranabuhanga rikoreshwa mu gihingwa.
Pellet zokeje zifatanije mo ibice nka santimetero imwe. Mubisanzwe bikoreshwa mubutaka bwibyuma byakusanyirijwe mumatanura.
Ibice bito bikozwe mugukanda ibikoresho hamwe. Icyuma gishyushye cya Briquetted (HBI) ni ubutare bwicyuma bushobora gukoreshwa mu mwanya wibyuma bishaje mu ziko.
Guhindura mumiterere yibyuma bimwe na bimwe bivanze, nkibyuma, bibaho kubushyuhe bwibidukikije cyangwa ubushyuhe buringaniye nyuma yo kuvura ubushyuhe cyangwa ibikorwa bikonje. Imiterere isanzwe yibasiwe ni: gukomera, gutanga umusaruro, imbaraga zingutu, guhindagurika, gukomera, guhinduka, imiterere ya magneti, nibindi.
AISI ikora nk'ijwi ry'inganda z'ibyuma zo muri Amerika kuri politiki rusange kandi iteza imbere ibyuma nk'ibikoresho byo guhitamo ku isoko. AISI kandi igira uruhare runini mugutezimbere no gukoresha ibicuruzwa bishya byikoranabuhanga hamwe nikoranabuhanga ryo gukora ibyuma. AISI igizwe nicyuma rusange n’amashanyarazi arc itanura, hamwe nabanyamuryango bafatanyabikorwa batanga cyangwa abakiriya binganda zibyuma.
Ikintu cyose cyuma cyongeweho mugihe cyo gushonga ibyuma cyangwa aluminiyumu kugirango irusheho kwangirika, gukomera, cyangwa imbaraga. Ibyuma bikoreshwa cyane nkibintu bivanga mubyuma bidafite ingese harimo chromium, nikel na molybdenum.
Uruvange rushingiye ku byuma bifatwa nkibyuma bivanze niba ibirungo bya manganese birenze 1,65%, silikoni irenga 0,5%, umuringa urenga 0,6%, cyangwa ibindi bintu bike bivangavanze birahari, nka chromium, nikel, molybdenum cyangwa tungsten. Mugusimbuza ibyo bintu muri resept, ibintu byinshi bitandukanye byibyuma birashobora gushirwaho.
Icyuma cyanduye na aluminiyumu, ikigamijwe ni ukugabanya ibirimo ogisijeni ku buryo mu gihe cyo gukomera nta reaction iba hagati ya karubone na ogisijeni.
Gushyushya ubushyuhe cyangwa uburyo bwo kuvura ubushyuhe butuma ibishishwa byabanjirije ubukonje bikwiranye no gukora no kunama. Urupapuro rwicyuma rushyuha ubushyuhe bwateganijwe mugihe gihagije hanyuma rugakonja.
Mugihe cyo gukonjesha ibishishwa bikonje, imiyoboro iri hagati yintete zicyuma zirarambuye, bigatuma ibyuma bivunika kandi bikavunika. Annealing ituma hashyirwaho imiyoboro mishya ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru, bityo "ukongera ukongera" imiterere yingano yicyuma.
Icyuma gikenerwa kibarwa hashingiwe kubyoherezwa mu ruganda rukora ibyuma byatangajwe na AISI hiyongereyeho ibicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga na raporo y'ibiro bishinzwe Ibarura ukuyemo ibyoherezwa mu mahanga byatangajwe na Biro y'Ibarura. Ijanisha ryisoko ryimbere mu gihugu rishingiye kuri iyi mibare kandi ntirireba impinduka zose zabazwe.
Ibirimo bya karubone byuma bitagira umwanda bigomba kuba munsi yibya karuboni cyangwa ibyuma bito bito (ni ukuvuga ibyuma bifite ibice bitarenze 5%). Mugihe itanura ryamashanyarazi arc (EAF) nuburyo gakondo bwo gushonga no gutunganya ibyuma bitagira umwanda, AAF niyongera mubukungu kubera igihe gito cyo gukora nubushyuhe buke ugereranije no gukora ibyuma bya EAF. Mubyongeyeho, gutunganya ibyuma bitagira umwanda ukoresheje AOD byongera kuboneka kwa EAF yo gushonga.
Icyuma gishongeshejwe kidatunganijwe cyimurwa kiva muri EAF kijya mu bwato butandukanye. Uruvange rwa argon na ogisijeni rujugunywa mu cyuma gishongeshejwe uhereye munsi yubwato. Hamwe niyi myuka, ibikoresho byogeramo byongewe mubwato kugirango bikureho umwanda, na ogisijeni ikomatanya na karubone mubyuma bitunganijwe kugirango bigabanye karubone. Kubaho kwa argon byongera isano ya karubone kuri ogisijeni, bityo bikorohereza ikurwaho rya karubone.
Ibigo byinshi byunze ubumwe ntibishobora kugabanya urwego rumwe rwo gutanga akazi kugirango bigabanye ibiciro, bityo ubuyobozi bugomba gushingira kubakozi kugirango buzuze imyanya nayo, idashobora kuzuzwa. Nkuko impuzandengo yimyaka yabakozi bakora muruganda rushobora kurenga 50, umubare wizabukuru ugenda wiyongera bishobora guha ibigo guhinduka kugirango barusheho guhangana.
Icyiciro kinini cyibyuma bidafite ingese, bingana na 70% yumusaruro wose. Bitewe na nikel nyinshi hamwe na chromium nyinshi, ibyuma bya austenitike bitagira umuyonga bifite imbaraga zo kurwanya ruswa cyane mumatsinda yicyuma. Ibyuma bitagira umuyonga bya Austenitike birakomera kandi bigakomezwa no gukora ubukonje (ukoresheje imihangayiko ku bushyuhe buke kugirango uhindure imiterere n'imiterere y'ibyuma) aho gukoresha ubushyuhe. Guhindagurika (ubushobozi bwo guhindura imiterere utabanje kumeneka) nibyiza kumashanyarazi ya austenitis. Ubwiza buhebuje hamwe nibikorwa byiza kubushyuhe buke cyane ni ibintu byiyongera muriki cyiciro.
Mubisabwa harimo guteka, ibikoresho byo gutunganya ibiryo, inyubako zo hanze, ibikoresho byinganda zikora imiti, romoruki yikamyo hamwe n’ibikoni.
Ibyiciro bibiri bikunze kugaragara ni ubwoko bwa 304 (ibyuma bikoreshwa cyane bitagira umuyonga, bitanga imbaraga zo kurwanya ruswa mubihe byinshi bisanzwe) hamwe nubwoko 316 (busa na 304, hamwe na molybdenum yongeweho kugirango irusheho guhangana nuburyo butandukanye bwo kwambara).
Igikoresho gikanda icyuma cyambaye ubusa mumuryango cyangwa ingofero yuburyo bwifuzwa, kurugero, ukoresheje kashe ikomeye (mold). Ibyuma byakoreshejwe bigomba kuba bihindagurika bihagije (tensile) kugirango bishobore kunama bitavunitse.
Ukoresheje amashanyarazi ya hydraulic yingufu, abakora ibyuma barashobora kugenzura neza ubunini (ubunini) bwamabati yicyuma mugihe banyuze mumashanyarazi akonje kumuvuduko urenga kilometero 50 kumasaha. Ukoresheje ibitekerezo cyangwa sisitemu yo kugaburira-imbere, icyuma cya mudasobwa icyuho gihindura intera iri hagati yimizingo ya kalendari yizunguruka ku gipimo cya 50-60 ku isegonda. Ibi byahinduwe birinda kwinjiza ibintu bidasanzwe.
Igikoresho cyo kurwanya ihumana ry’ikirere gikoreshwa mu gutega uduce duto mu kuyungurura umuyaga binyuze mu mwenda munini cyangwa umufuka wa fiberglass.
Ubukonje buzengurutswe urupapuro rworoshye rwimodoka. Bitewe nubuvuzi budasanzwe, ibyuma bifite ubwinjiriro bwiza nimbaraga, kandi bifite imbaraga zo kurwanya amenyo nyuma yo kurasa.
Itanura rimeze nk'isaro ryometseho amatafari yangiritse rikoreshwa mugutunganya ibyuma bishongeshejwe hamwe no gusiba ibyuma biva mu ziko riturika bikabishyiramo ibyuma. Kugera kuri 30% byibikoresho fatizo bigaburirwa mubihindura birashobora gusakara, ahasigaye hakaba icyuma gishongeshejwe.
Itanura rya Converter, rishobora gutunganya icyuma gishonga (icyiciro) cyicyuma mugihe kitarenze iminota 45, cyasimbuye itanura ryakinguwe mumwaka wa 1950, icya nyuma gisaba amasaha atanu kugeza kuri atandatu yo gutunganya icyuma. Igikorwa cyihuse, igiciro gito, no koroshya imikorere ya BOF itanga ibyiza bigaragara muburyo bwabanje.
Ibisigazwa bisukwa mu itanura, bigakurikirwa nicyuma gishongeshejwe mu itanura riturika. Umucyo umanurwa uva hejuru, unyuzamo umugezi wa ogisijeni uhuhwa n'umuvuduko mwinshi, bigatera imiti itandukanya umwanda umwotsi cyangwa umuyonga. Nyuma yo gutunganywa, ibyuma bishongeshejwe hamwe nibisumizi bijugunywa mubintu bitandukanye.
Kuzunguruka ibicuruzwa birebire bivuye kubusa. Ibicuruzwa byubucuruzi na rebar (rebar) ni ibyiciro bibiri bisanzwe bya rebar aho rebar yubucuruzi irimo uruziga, iringaniye, inguni, kare hamwe numuyoboro kandi ikoreshwa nababikora mugukora ibicuruzwa bitandukanye nkibikoresho, ibikoresho bya gari ya moshi nibikoresho byubuhinzi. ikoreshwa mu gushimangira beto mumihanda, ibiraro ninyubako.
Icyuma cyarangije igice cyibicuruzwa "birebire": utubari, imiyoboro cyangwa ubundi buryo bwubaka. Bilet zitandukanye nibisate mubipimo byabo byo hanze; bilet mubusanzwe ifite santimetero 2 kugeza kuri 7, naho ibisate bifite ubugari bwa santimetero 30 kugeza kuri 80 na santimetero 2 kugeza kuri 10. Ububiko bwombi busanzwe buterwa ubudahwema, ariko chimie yabo irashobora gutandukana cyane.
Urupapuro rukonje rukonje kuva 12 ″ kugeza 32 ″ ubugari bukoreshwa nkibikoresho fatizo (ibikoresho fatizo) kubitaka.
Silindari ndende itondekanye n'amatafari yangiritse (retractory) akoreshwa ninganda zicyuma kugirango ashongeshe ibyuma biva mu bucukuzi bwicyuma. Ifata izina ryayo muri "shock waves" yumuyaga ushushe hamwe na gaze zicishwa mumabuye y'icyuma, kokiya na hekeste zashyizwe mumatanura.
Intambwe yambere yo gutegura umurongo uringaniye kubakoresha amaherezo. Ikirangantego ni urupapuro rwibikoresho bifite ibipimo bimwe byo hanze nkigice cyatanzwe, nkumuryango cyangwa ingofero, ariko ntikirashyirwaho kashe. Abakora ibyuma barashobora guha abakiriya babo ubusa kugirango bagabanye akazi nogutwara; ibyuma birenze birashobora gutunganywa mbere yo koherezwa.
Icyuma igice cyarangije gukora igice cyurukiramende hejuru ya santimetero 8. Iki gice kinini cy'icyuma kimenetse mu ruganda ruzunguruka kugirango habeho H-imenyerewe, H-ibiti n'ibirundo by'impapuro. Amashurwe nayo ni murwego rwohejuru rwo gutunganya ibibari: kugabanya igice cyambukiranya uburabyo bizamura ubwiza bwicyuma.
Impanuka yatewe no gutembera kwicyuma cyangwa icyuma gishongeshejwe (cyangwa byombi) biva mu itanura riturika kubera kunanirwa kwurukuta rw itanura.
"Umurima ushaje" utandukanye n "icyatsi kibisi" (cyangwa ibintu bishya rwose). Kwagura ibintu bizima bisobanura kongera kubintu bihari.
Imisozi myiza cyane kumpande zomugozi ziva mubikorwa byo gukata nko gutemagura, gutema, kogosha cyangwa gupfuka. Kurugero, mugihe uwakoze ibyuma akata impande zurupapuro ruringaniye cyangwa akayigabanyamo imirongo, impande zayo zizunama mu cyerekezo cyo gukata (reba Edge-kuzunguruka).
Ibisigazwa bigizwe na clips na kashe mubikorwa byibyuma. Iri jambo riva mu myitozo yo gukusanya ibikoresho mu gatebo ka bushe mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose.
Umuyoboro usanzwe ukoreshwa mumuyoboro. Umurambo ushyushye uhora unyura mu muzingo wo gusudira, ukora umuyoboro no gukanda impande zishyushye hagati yazo, bigakora gusudira gukomeye.
Radian ni ugutandukana kugororotse kumpera. Umubare ntarengwa wemewe kwihanganira uruhande rutandukanijwe kuva kumurongo ugororotse wasobanuwe mubisanzwe ASTM.
Ubushobozi busanzwe bwo gukora ibyuma mugihe runaka. Uru rutonde rugomba kubamo ibisabwa byo kubungabunga, ariko kubera ko serivisi nkizo ziteganijwe hashingiwe kubikenerwa byimashini (kuruta ibikenerwa kuri kalendari), uruganda rushobora gukora hejuru yubushobozi bwa 100% mukwezi hanyuma rukamanuka hasi cyane. mubijyanye no gusana Ubushobozi bwashyizweho burimo kugerwaho.
Ubushobozi bwa theoretical of urusyo cyangwa gushonga, hashingiwe kubibuza kugaburira amatungo n'umuvuduko usanzwe.
Umubumbe ukoreshwa neza utuma ibikoresho bibungabungwa kandi bikagaragaza imbogamizi zubu. (Amacupa mugutanga no kugabura guhinduka mugihe uko ubushobozi bwiyongera cyangwa bugabanuka.)
Icyuma kigizwe ahanini na karubone yibanze kandi imiterere yayo iterwa nibirimo karubone. Ibyinshi mu byuma bikorerwa kwisi ni ibyuma bya karubone.
Umugozi wikariso, niwo mugozi wubatswe kurukuta rwamariba ya peteroli na gaze, wagize 75% mubyoherezwa mubihugu bya peteroli ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga (kuburemere). Umuyoboro wa kaburimbo ukoreshwa mukurinda kwanduza amazi yubutaka akikije iriba ubwaryo. Isanduku igumana ubuzima bwiriba kandi mubisanzwe ntabwo ikurwaho mugihe iriba rifunze.
Inzira yo gusuka ibyuma bishongeshejwe muburyo kugirango icyuma gikonje gikonje kigumane imiterere.
Inzira yo guterera ibyuma bishongeshejwe muburyo bwanyuma nubunini bwayo nta yandi ashyushye cyangwa akonje. Ibi bigabanya ishoramari, ingufu nigiciro cyibidukikije.
Igikorwa cyo gupakira ibikoresho muri kontineri. Kurugero, ubutare bwicyuma, kokiya na hekeste bishyirwa mu ziko riturika, naho ibyuma bishaje hamwe nicyuma gishongeshejwe bishyirwa mu ziko rya ogisijeni.
Ibigize imiti yibyuma, byerekana ibirimo karubone, manganese, sulfure, fosifore nibindi bintu byinshi.
Ikintu kivanze, nikintu cyingenzi cyibanze cyicyuma, gitanga ruswa. Niba ibyuma bidafite ingese byangiritse muburyo bwa chimique cyangwa chimique, imbere ya ogisijeni, firime isanzwe ikora hejuru yicyuma kitagira umwanda irasanwa, ikarinda ruswa.
Uburyo bwo gukoresha ibyuma bidafite ingese kuri karubone cyangwa ibyuma bito bito (ni ukuvuga ibyuma birimo ibintu bitarenze 5%).
1) ibyuma bidafite ingese gusudira hamwe nicyuma cya karubone; 2) gusuka ibyuma bishongeshejwe bidafite ingese hafi ya karubone ikomeye; cyangwa 3) gushyira icyuma cya karubone hagati yamasahani abiri adafite ingese hanyuma ukayizunguruka ku bushyuhe bwinshi mu ruganda ruzunguruka. Uhambire hamwe. .
Inzira yo gutwikira ibyuma nibindi bikoresho (amabati, chromium na zinc), cyane cyane kurinda ruswa.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Apr-26-2023