Mu gutangaza ingufu zikomeye zishobora kongera ingufu muri iki cyumweru, ubuyobozi bwa Biden bwagaragaje ubwato bwubakwa i Brownsville mu rwego rwo kwerekana amahirwe y’ubukungu.
Kuruhande rw'umuyoboro wa Brownsville no mu kigobe cya Mexico nk'imyitozo ngororamubiri, umwe mu bakora inganda nini za peteroli zo mu nyanja ku nkombe z'Ikigobe cyahinduye hegitari 180 z'ubutaka mu kirombe cya zahabu. Uruganda rukora ubwato rufite uruzitiro rw’inyubako 43, zirimo inzu 7 ziteranirizwamo ubunini bwa hangar, aho imishwarara yo gusudira iguruka, n’inyundo za pneumatike zikabamo, zikaburira zitinyutse ko amakosa yose ashobora gutera ubumuga. Shyira umukono. Isahani y'icyuma inyuma ya toni eshatu z'icyuma yashyizwe mu mpera imwe y'uruganda. Ku rundi ruhande, nkibikinisho bimwebimwe bigoye biva mu mahugurwa ya Santa, kuzunguruka bimwe mu bikoresho by’inganda ziremereye kandi zigoye cyane ku isi.
Mu gihe peteroli yariyongereye mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 21, uruganda rukora ubwato rwakomeje gukora “imashini zicukura jack-up.” Izi mbuga zo ku nkombe ni ndende cyane kandi zikuramo amavuta mu bilometero munsi y’inyanja, buri imwe igurishwa hafi miliyoni 250. Imyaka itanu irashize, inyamanswa yamagorofa 21 yavukiye mu gikari, yitwa Krechet, kikaba cyari uruganda runini rwa peteroli rushingiye ku butaka mu mateka. Ariko Krechet- “gyrfalcon” mu kirusiya, ubwoko bunini bwa la Falcon kandi inyamanswa ya Arctic tundra-yerekanye ko ari dinosaur. Ubu gukuramo amavuta ya ExxonMobil ikorera muri Irving hamwe nabafatanyabikorwa bayo ku kirwa cya Sakhalin hafi y’Uburusiya, iyi ishobora kuba ari yo yanyuma ya peteroli yubatswe n’ubwubatsi.
Uyu munsi, mu gihe gikomeye kigaragaza ihinduka ry’inganda za peteroli na gaze zikwirakwira muri Texas ndetse no ku isi, abakozi bo mu ruganda rwa Brownsville bubaka ubwoko bushya bw’ubwato. Kimwe na peteroli ishaje, ubu bwato bwingufu zo mumato buzahaguruka mukinyanja, bushyire amaguru yibyuma biremereye munsi yinyanja, ukoreshe ikibuno kugirango ubashe kwibeshaho kugeza bwambutse amazi mabi, hanyuma, mubyino ya imbaraga nubusobanuro, Imashini igwa mubwimbitse bwijimye izinjira mumabuye hejuru yinyanja. Ariko, iki gihe, umutungo kamere ubwato bushaka gutera imbere ntabwo ari amavuta. Ni umuyaga.
Isosiyete ikora amashanyarazi yitwa Richmond, ikorera muri Virginie yitwa Dominion Energy yategetse ubwo bwato izabukoresha mu gutwara ibirundo mu nyanja ya Atalantika. Kuri buri musumari ufite uburebure bwa metero 100 winjijwe mu mazi, hazashyirwaho ibyuma byerekana ibyuma bitatu na fiberglass yumuyaga. Ihuriro ryacyo rizenguruka hafi ya bisi yishuri kandi ni inkuru zigera kuri 27 hejuru yumuraba. Nubwato bwa mbere bwo gushyiramo umuyaga wa turbine bwubatswe muri Amerika. Mu gihe imirima y’umuyaga yo ku nkombe, ikiboneka cyane cyane mu Burayi, igaragara cyane ku nkombe z’Amerika, Ubwato bwa Brownsville bushobora kubaka amato asa.
Uyu muvuduko warushijeho gushimangirwa ku ya 29 Werurwe, ubwo ubuyobozi bwa Biden bwatangizaga gahunda nshya yo kwagura ingufu z’umuyaga wo muri Amerika ku nyanja, wavuze ko buzashyiramo miliyari y’amadolari y’inguzanyo n’impano z’igihugu, ndetse n’uruhererekane rw’imirima mishya y’umuyaga igamije kwihutisha ingamba za Politiki yo kwishyiriraho. Mu burasirazuba, iburengerazuba no ku kigobe cya Amerika. Mubyukuri, iri tangazo rikoresha ubwato bwubatswe ahitwa Shipyard ya Brownsville nkurugero rwumushinga w’ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu muri Amerika wizeye kuzamura. Guverinoma ivuga ko inganda z’umuyaga wo mu nyanja “zizabyara urwego rushya rutanga isoko rugera ku mutima wa Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika, nk'uko bigaragazwa na toni 10,000 z'ibyuma byo mu rugo zitangwa n'abakozi bo muri Alabama na Virijiniya y’Uburengerazuba ku mato ya Dominion.” Iyi ntego nshya ya federasiyo ni uko mu 2030, Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika zizakoresha abakozi ibihumbi icumi kugira ngo bakoreshe megawatt 30.000 z’amashanyarazi y’umuyaga wo mu nyanja. . Urebye ko urwego rw’ingufu muri Amerika rusanzwe ruteganya gushora imari nini mu myaka mike ishize, ingengabihe ya guverinoma izihuta cyane.
Kuri Texan iyariyo yose ikunda gusetsa ubucuruzi bwingufu zishobora kuvugururwa, ingufu z'umuyaga wo hanze zitanga igenzura rishimishije. Uhereye ku bwinshi bwa beto kugeza kuri tekinoroji isabwa, ni nkinganda zamavuta, zibereye abafite imifuka yimbitse, appetit nini, nibikoresho binini. Itsinda ry’abanyapolitiki, abaterankunga bashonje amavuta, bibeshye bashinja umuyaga w’umuyaga wafunzwe kubera kunanirwa gukabije kw’amashanyarazi ya Texas mu gihe cy’umuyaga wo muri Gashyantare. Bavuga ko ibicanwa biva mu kirere bikiri isoko yonyine yizewe. Nyamara, amasosiyete menshi ya peteroli agomba kubazwa abanyapolitiki babo gusa ahubwo n'abanyamigabane ku isi. Berekana binyuze mu ishoramari ryabo ko babona ubundi buryo bw’ingufu ari isoko yo kuzamura inyungu z’amasosiyete, kandi inyungu z’amasosiyete n’inganda zikomoka kuri peteroli. Ingaruka zo kumanuka.
Amasosiyete mpuzamahanga afite uruganda rukora ubwato rwa Brownsville hamwe n’amasosiyete mpuzamahanga ategura amato y’ingufu z’umuyaga ari mu bakora inganda zikomeye za peteroli ku isi. Ibigo byombi byinjije amadolari arenga miliyari 6 umwaka ushize; byombi byagize igihombo kinini muri ibyo bicuruzwa; byombi byashakishije ikirenge mu isoko yingufu zishobora kubaho. Ikibazo cya peteroli kirakomeye. Bimwe mubitera ni ihungabana ryigihe gito rya COVID-19, yagabanije ibikorwa byubukungu bwisi. Icyibanze, ubwiyongere busa nkubudahagarikwa bwibikenerwa na peteroli mu kinyejana gishize buragenda bubura. Kongera kwita ku mihindagurikire y’ikirere no gutera imbere mu ikoranabuhanga rifite isuku - kuva ku modoka z’amashanyarazi kugera mu ngo zikoreshwa n’umuyaga n’izuba - byatumye habaho impinduka ndende mu buryo buhendutse kandi buhendutse bw’ibicanwa biva mu kirere.
George O'Leary, impuguke mu gusesengura ingufu muri Tudor, Pickering, Holt & Co, ifite icyicaro i Houston, yavuze ko nubwo kugaruka kwa peteroli na gaze ari bibi vuba aha, “amafaranga menshi araza” mu rwego rw’ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa. banki ishoramari. Isosiyete ni ikimenyetso cyerekana uko isi ihinduka mu karere ka peteroli ya Texas-imaze igihe kinini yibanda kuri peteroli na gaze, ariko ubu iratandukanye cyane. O'Leary yagereranije ishyaka rishya ry'abayobozi ba peteroli ya Texas ku bijyanye n'ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu no gushimishwa no gucukura peteroli na gaze mu myaka 15 ishize; kugeza ubwo tekinolojiya mishya igabanya ikiguzi cyo gucukura, ubucukuzi bw'urutare byafashwe nkaho bidakwiriye. ubukungu. O'Leary yambwiye ko ubundi buryo bwa peteroli y’ibinyabuzima “bisa na shale 2.0.”
Keppel ni ihuriro rifite icyicaro muri Singapuru kandi ni rimwe mu bakora inganda nini za peteroli ku isi. Yaguze Shipyard ya Brownsville mu 1990 maze iba intandaro yo kugabana AmFELS. Hafi yimyaka 30 yakurikiyeho, uruganda rwubwato rwateye imbere. Icyakora, Keppel yatangaje ko mu mwaka wa 2020 ubucuruzi bw’ingufu zizatakaza hafi miliyari imwe y’amadolari y’Amerika, bitewe ahanini n’ubucuruzi bw’ibikomoka kuri peteroli ku isi. Yatangaje ko mu rwego rwo gukumira ihungabana ry’imari, irateganya kuva mu bucuruzi no kwibanda aho ingufu zishobora kubaho. Umuyobozi mukuru wa Keppel, Luo Zhenhua, yiyemeje mu magambo ye “kubaka umuyobozi woroshye mu nganda no kwitegura impinduka z’ingufu ku isi.”
Urutonde rwibindi byihutirwa kuri NOV. Behemoth ikorera i Houston, yahoze yitwa National Oilwell Varco, yateguye ubwato bwo gushyiramo umuyaga umuyaga Keppel Shipyard yubaka. NOV ni umwe mu bakora inganda nini za peteroli na gaze ku isi, bafite abakozi bagera ku 28.000. Aba bakozi batatanye mu nganda 573 zo mu bihugu 61 byo ku mugabane wa gatandatu, ariko hafi kimwe cya kane cyabo (abantu bagera ku 6,600) bakorera muri Texas. Kubera umunaniro ukenewe ku mashini zikomoka kuri peteroli, yatangaje ko igihombo cy’amadorari miliyoni 2.5 y’amadolari mu Gushyingo umwaka ushize. Ubu, ikoresheje ubuhanga bwayo yakusanyije mu rwego rwa peteroli na gaze, iyi sosiyete irimo gutegura amato mashya atanu yo gushyiramo umuyaga w’umuyaga urimo kubakwa ku isi, harimo n’i Brownsville. Ifite amaguru ya jack-up hamwe na crane kuri benshi muribo, kandi ihindurwa ivuye mumavuta yo hanze kugirango ingufu z'umuyaga wo hanze. Clay Williams, umuyobozi mukuru wa NOV, yavuze ko "ingufu zishobora kongera amashyirahamwe iyo imirima ya peteroli idashimishije cyane". Igihe yavugaga ngo "kwishimisha", ntabwo yashakaga kuvuga imyidagaduro. Yashakaga gushaka amafaranga.
Icy'ingenzi mu bukungu bwa Texas, ubucuruzi bw'ingufu bukunze kuvugwa ko bugabanijwe ku idini. Ku ruhande rumwe, Amavuta manini nicyitegererezo cyubukungu cyangwa gusebanya ibidukikije - ukurikije uko ubona isi. Kurundi ruhande ni Big Green, nyampinga witerambere ryibidukikije cyangwa ibikorwa bibi-byongeye, biterwa nuko ubibona. Izi comics ziragenda zishaje. Amafaranga, ntabwo ari imyitwarire, gushiraho ingufu, impinduka zubukungu zubukungu zirimo gusobanura imiterere yingufu muri Texas: igabanuka ryinganda za peteroli ningenzi cyane kuruta uko byagabanutse vuba, kandi izamuka ryingufu zishobora kubaho riramba kuruta inkunga iterwa ninkunga.
Muri fiasco yumuyaga wubukonje muri Gashyantare, itandukaniro risigaye hagati yingufu zishaje nimbaraga nshya byagaragaye muri uwo muhango. Umuyaga wa polar ibindi bihugu byakemuye utuje byangije cyane amashanyarazi, ibyo bikaba byirengagijwe na ba guverineri, abashingamategeko n’abashinzwe umutekano mu myaka icumi. Nyuma y’umuyaga ufashe amazu miliyoni 4.5 kuri interineti, inyinshi muri zo zimaze iminsi zitwarwa n’amashanyarazi zica Texans zirenga 100. Guverineri Greg Abbott yatangarije Fox News ko “ingufu z'umuyaga n'izuba bya Leta byahagaritswe“ Ibi “byerekana gusa ko ibicanwa biva mu kirere ari ngombwa.” Jason Isaac, umuyobozi w’umushinga w’ingufu wa Fondasiyo ya Leta ya Texas, yanditse ko iyi fondasiyo ari ikigo cy’ibitekerezo gifite amafaranga menshi yatanzwe n’amatsinda ashishikajwe na peteroli. Yanditse ati: "Umuriro w'amashanyarazi urerekana ko" gushira amagi menshi mu gitebo c'ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa bizagira ingaruka zitabarika. "
Hafi ya 95% yubushobozi bushya buteganijwe muri Texas ni umuyaga, izuba, na bateri. ERCOT iteganya ko ingufu z'umuyaga zishobora kwiyongera 44% uyu mwaka.
Ntabwo bitangaje kuba korari yamenyeshejwe neza. Ku ruhande rumwe, ntamuntu numwe ushimangira ko Texas cyangwa isi izahita ireka ibicanwa biva mu kirere. Nubwo imikoreshereze yabo mu bwikorezi izagabanuka mu myaka mike iri imbere, birashobora kumara igihe kirekire nk’ingufu zituruka mu nganda nko gukora ibyuma n’ibikoresho fatizo bitandukanye biva mu ifumbire kugeza ku mbuga. Ku rundi ruhande, ubwoko bwose bw'amashanyarazi - umuyaga, izuba, gaze gasanzwe, amakara, n’ingufu za kirimbuzi - byananiranye mu gihe cy’umuyaga muri Gashyantare, ahanini kubera ko abashinzwe ingufu muri Texas batitaye ku icumi Imiburo yatanzwe mu myaka yashize uruganda rwo kurokoka imbeho. Kuva Dakota kugera muri Danimarike, turbine z'umuyaga kubikorwa bikonje nazo ni nziza mubihe bikonje ahandi. Nubwo kimwe cya kabiri cy’umuyaga w’umuyaga kuri gride ya Texas cyahagaritswe muri iyo minsi itazwi muri Gashyantare, turbine nyinshi z’umuyaga zakomeje kuzunguruka zitanga amashanyarazi menshi kurusha Ikigo cy’amashanyarazi cya Texas Nkuko byari byitezwe, komisiyo ishinzwe gucunga ingufu nkuru z’igihugu grid. Ibi igice kigizwe numubare munini wibyuka bya gaze byavanyweho.
Icyakora, ku banegura ubundi buryo bwa peteroli y’ibinyabuzima, kuba hafi 25% by’amashanyarazi ya Texas mu 2020 bizaturuka kuri turbine y’umuyaga hamwe n’izuba ry’izuba hari aho bivuze ko amashanyarazi agomba kuba ateye ubwoba. Ikosa ryimashini yicyatsi yihuta. Umwaka ushize, amashanyarazi y’umuyaga muri Texas yarenze amashanyarazi y’amakara bwa mbere. Nk’uko ERCOT ibivuga, hafi 95% by'ingufu nshya z'amashanyarazi ziteganijwe muri leta zose ni umuyaga, izuba na batiri. Uyu muryango uteganya ko ingufu z'umuyaga wa Leta zishobora kwiyongera kuri 44% muri uyu mwaka, mu gihe amashanyarazi akomoka ku mishinga minini y'izuba ishobora kuba inshuro eshatu.
Ubwiyongere bw'ingufu zishobora kubangamira inyungu za peteroli. Imwe muriyo ni ugukomeza amarushanwa yo gutanga kwa leta. Bitewe n’itandukaniro riri mu bikubiyemo, ibaruramari ry’ingufu z’ingufu riratandukanye cyane, ariko ibigereranyo biheruka kugereranywa n’ingengo y’imari y’ibicuruzwa biva muri Amerika buri mwaka biva kuri miliyari 20.5 US $ kugeza kuri miliyari 649. Ku zindi mbaraga, ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na federasiyo bwerekanye ko imibare ya 2016 yari miliyari 6.7 z'amadolari, nubwo yabaze gusa inkunga itangwa na leta. Tutitaye ku mibare, pendulum ya politiki igenda kure ya peteroli na gaze. Muri Mutarama uyu mwaka, Perezida Biden yatanze itegeko nyobozi ku bijyanye n'imihindagurikire y’ikirere, risaba guverinoma ihuriweho na Leta “kureba niba, mu rwego rwo kubahiriza amategeko akurikizwa, amafaranga ya leta adatanga inkunga mu buryo butaziguye ibicanwa biva mu kirere.”
Gutakaza inkunga ni akaga kamwe kuri peteroli na gaze. Ndetse biteye ubwoba cyane ni ugutakaza umugabane ku isoko. Ndetse n’amasosiyete y’ibitoro y’ibinyabuzima yiyemeje gukurikirana ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu zirashobora guhomba kubanywanyi boroheje kandi bakomeye mubukungu. Amasosiyete meza y’umuyaga nizuba ahinduka imbaraga zikomeye, kandi agaciro kisoko ryibihangange byikoranabuhanga nka Apple na Google ubu biragabanya agaciro kisoko ryamasosiyete yiganjemo peteroli.
Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, amasosiyete menshi ya Texas akoresha ubuhanga yakusanyije mu bucuruzi bw’ibikomoka kuri peteroli kugira ngo agerageze guteza imbere inyungu zo guhatanira isoko ry’ingufu zisukuye zikabije. James West, impuguke mu bijyanye na peteroli muri Evercore ISI, banki ishoramari i New York yagize ati: "Ibyo amasosiyete akora peteroli na gaze akora ni ukubaza ati:" Dukora iki kandi ni ubuhe buhanga budushoboza gukora ku mbaraga zishobora kubaho? " Yavuze ko “amasosiyete yo mu karere ka peteroli ya Texas yinjira mu bundi buryo bw'ingufu, afite FOMO.” Nukunama kubashoferi bakomeye ba capitaliste batinya kubura amahirwe. Mu gihe abayobozi benshi ba peteroli ya Texas bifatanya n’ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu, Uburengerazuba busobanura imitekerereze yabo igira iti: “Niba ikora, ntidushaka kuba umuntu ugaragara nk'injiji mu myaka ibiri.”
Nkuko inganda za peteroli na gaze zongeye gukoresha ingufu zishobora kubaho, Texas irashobora kubyungukiramo cyane. Dukurikije imibare yaturutse mu kigo cy’ubushakashatsi bw’ingufu BloombergNEF, kugeza ubu muri uyu mwaka, umuyoboro wa ERCOT wabonye amasezerano y’igihe kirekire kugira ngo uhuze ubushobozi bushya bw’umuyaga n’amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y’izuba kurusha izindi miyoboro yo mu gihugu. Umwe mu basesenguzi, Kyle Harrison, yavuze ko amasosiyete manini ya peteroli afite ibikorwa byinshi muri Texas agura igice kinini cy’ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu, kandi aya masosiyete yumva ashyushye kugira ngo agabanye ikirere cya karuboni. Byongeye kandi, byinshi muribi bigo bifite urutonde runini rwabakozi, kandi ubuhanga bwabo bwo gucukura bukoreshwa mubidukikije byangiza ibidukikije. Nk’uko Jesse Thompson abitangaza ngo Texas ifite hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy'imirimo ikomoka kuri peteroli na gaze muri Amerika, hamwe na bitatu bya kane by'imirimo ikomoka kuri peteroli yo muri Amerika, ifite “ubuhanga budasanzwe, ibikoresho bya siyansi n’ibikoresho bya chimie”, impuguke mu by'ubukungu muri Banki nkuru y’igihugu ya Dallas muri Houston. “Hariho impano nyinshi zishobora guhinduka.”
Umuriro w'amashanyarazi muri Gashyantare wagaragaje ko ubucuruzi bwa peteroli y’ibinyabuzima ari umwe mu bakoresha amashanyarazi menshi muri Texas. Igice kinini cy’ibicuruzwa bisanzwe bya leta byahagaritswe, bitatewe gusa no gukonjesha ibikoresho byo kuvoma, ariko nanone kubera ko ibikoresho byinshi bidakonje byatakaje ingufu. Iki cyifuzo bivuze ko kubigo byinshi bya peteroli, ingamba zoroshye zishobora kuvugururwa ni ukugura umutobe wicyatsi kugirango bongere ubucuruzi bwabo bwikigina. Exxon Mobil na Occidental Petroleum basinyanye amasezerano yo kugura ingufu zizuba zifasha guha ingufu ibikorwa byayo mukibaya cya Permiya. Baker Hughes, isosiyete nini itanga serivisi za peteroli, irateganya kubona amashanyarazi yose ikoresha muri Texas mu mishinga y’umuyaga n’izuba. Dow Chemical yashyize umukono ku masezerano yo kugura amashanyarazi mu rugomero rw'amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba mu majyepfo ya Texas yo kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'ingufu za peteroli mu ruganda rwa peteroli rwa Gulf Coast.
Icyemezo cyimbitse cy’amasosiyete ya peteroli ni ukugura imigabane mu mishinga y’ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu - atari ugukoresha amashanyarazi gusa, ahubwo no kuyisubiza. Nkikimenyetso cyo gukura kwizindi mbaraga zitanga ingufu, abantu benshi kumuhanda wa Wall Street batangiye gutekereza ko ingufu zumuyaga nizuba byizewe kuruta peteroli na gaze kwishyura mumafaranga. Umwe mu bashyira mu bikorwa iyi ngamba ni igihangange cya peteroli yo mu Bufaransa Total, yaguze imigabane igenzura uruganda rukora imirasire y'izuba ikorera muri Californiya SunPower mu myaka mike ishize, hamwe n’umushinga w’amashanyarazi wa Batiri w’Abafaransa witwa Saft, umushinga we ushobora gutekereza ko ingufu n’amashanyarazi bishobora kuvugururwa umusaruro uzaba 40% y'ibicuruzwa byayo muri 2050-byemewe, iki ni igihe kirekire. Muri Gashyantare uyu mwaka, Total yatangaje ko izagura imishinga ine mu gace ka Houston. Iyi mishinga ifite ingufu zituruka ku mirasire y'izuba ingana na MW 2200 hamwe n’amashanyarazi akoreshwa na MW 600. Igiteranyo kizakoresha munsi ya kimwe cya kabiri cyamashanyarazi kubikorwa byacyo no kugurisha ibisigaye.
Mukure mubushake bukomeye bwo kuganza isoko mu Gushyingo. Ubu irakoresha ingamba zayo zitagira imipaka zashyizwe mu mavuta mu kongera ingufu.
Amasosiyete ya peteroli afite disipuline yitabira irushanwa ryingufu zindi zikora ibirenze kwandika cheque. Barimo gusuzuma aho bashobora gukoresha neza ubuhanga bwabo bwo kuvoma peteroli na gaze. NOV na Keppel barimo kugerageza iyi reposition. Bitandukanye n’abakora peteroli umutungo wabo ni hydrocarbone yashyinguwe mu bitare byo mu kuzimu, aba rwiyemezamirimo ku isi bafite ubumenyi, inganda, injeniyeri, n’ishoramari kugira ngo babyohereze mu rwego rw’ingufu za peteroli zidafite ingufu kandi byoroshye. Umusesenguzi wa Evercore West avuga ko ayo masosiyete ari "abatoranya" isi ya peteroli.
NOV irasa na bulldozer. Byakuze binyuze mubiguzi bikaze no kwinangira kuganza isoko. Uburengerazuba bwerekanye ko izina ryayo mu nganda “nta wundi mutanga” -bisobanura ko niba uri uruganda rutanga ingufu, “ufite ikibazo cya ruganda rwawe, ugomba guhamagara NOV kuko nta wundi utanga isoko. Ati: “Ubu, isosiyete ikoresha ingamba zayo zitagira imipaka zashyizwe mu mavuta mu kongera ingufu.
Igihe naganiraga n'umuyobozi wa NOV Williams binyuze kuri Zoom, ibimwerekeye byose byatumye umuyobozi mukuru wa peteroli avuza induru: ishati ye yera yometse ku ijosi; karavati ye ituje; imbonerahamwe yinama imutwara Umwanya uri hagati yintebe ye nurukuta rwamadirishya adahagarara mubiro bye Houston; kumanika ku kabati inyuma yigitugu cye cyiburyo, hariho amashusho yinka eshatu zinyura mumujyi wa peteroli. Nta ntego yo kuva mu nganda za peteroli mu Gushyingo, Williams yiteze ko inganda za peteroli zizatanga amafaranga menshi yinjira mu myaka mike iri imbere. Agereranya ko mu 2021, uruganda rukora amashanyarazi y’umuyaga ruzinjiza amadorari agera kuri miliyoni 200 y’amadolari y’Amerika, bikaba bingana na 3% by’ibicuruzwa bishoboka, mu gihe andi masoko y’ingufu zishobora kutazamuka cyane.
NOV ntabwo yitaye ku mbaraga zishobora kuvugururwa bivuye ku cyifuzo cya altruistic cyo kurengera icyatsi n’ibidukikije. Mu buryo butandukanye na bamwe mu bakora peteroli ndetse n’ikigo cy’Abanyamerika gishinzwe peteroli, umuryango w’ubucuruzi w’inganda, ntabwo cyiyemeje kugabanya ikirere cyacyo, nta nubwo cyashyigikiye igitekerezo cya guverinoma cyo gushyiraho igiciro cy’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. Williams yifatanije n’abafite intego yo “guhindura isi,” arambwira ati: “Nka ba capitaliste, tugomba gusubiza amafaranga yacu, hanyuma tugasubiza amafaranga.” Yizera ko ubundi buryo buturuka ku mbaraga-atari ingufu z'umuyaga gusa, ahubwo ko hariho n'ingufu z'izuba, ingufu za hydrogène, ingufu za geothermal hamwe n’andi masoko menshi y’ingufu-ni isoko rishya rinini rifite inzira yo gukura n’inyungu zishobora kurenga cyane iz'amavuta na kamere gaze. Ati: “Ntekereza ko ari ejo hazaza h'uruganda.”
Mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo, NOV, kimwe na benshi mu bahatanira serivisi z’ibikomoka kuri peteroli, yagabanyije ibikorwa by’ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu mu ikoranabuhanga rimwe: geothermal, ikubiyemo gukoresha ubushyuhe bw’ubutaka busanzwe butangwa na turbine no gutanga amashanyarazi. Iyi nzira ifite byinshi ihuriyeho nogukora amavuta: bisaba gucukura amariba kugirango ikuremo amazi ashyushye hasi, no gushyiraho imiyoboro, metero, nibindi bikoresho byo gucunga ayo mazi ava mubutaka. Ibicuruzwa byagurishijwe na NOV mu nganda zikoresha ingufu za geothermal zirimo gucukura bits hamwe na fiberglass itondekanye neza. Williams yagize ati: "Ubu ni ubucuruzi bwiza." Ati: “Icyakora, ugereranije n'ubucuruzi bwacu bwa peteroli, ntabwo ari bunini.”
Inganda zikomoka kuri peteroli ni ikirombe gikize mu myaka 15 yambere yikinyejana cya 21, kandi iterambere ridakurikiranwa ry’ubukungu bwa Aziya ryateje imbere kwaguka kw’isi yose. Cyane cyane nyuma ya 2006, usibye kugabanuka kwigihe gito mugihe cyubukungu bwisi 2008, ibiciro byazamutse. Igihe Williams yagirwa umuyobozi mukuru wa NOV muri Gashyantare 2014, igiciro cya peteroli cyari hafi US $ 114. Igihe yibukaga icyo gihe mu kiganiro twagiranye, yishimye cyane. Ati: "Nibyiza," ni byiza. "
Imwe mu mpamvu zatumye ibiciro bya peteroli bikomeza kuba hejuru kuva kera ni uko OPEC yashyigikiye ibiciro bya peteroli mu kugabanya umusaruro mu gihe umusaruro wiyongereye muri Amerika. Ariko mu mpeshyi ya 2014, ibiciro bya peteroli byagabanutse. Nyuma yuko OPEC itangarije mu nama yo mu Gushyingo ko izakomeza kugumisha amapompo yayo, ibiciro bya peteroli byagabanutse cyane, iki gikorwa kikaba cyarasobanuwe cyane ko ari ugushaka kwirukana abanywanyi b’abanyamerika.
Kugeza 2017, igiciro kuri buri barrale kizaguma hafi US $ 50. Muri icyo gihe, kwiyongera kw’ingufu z’umuyaga n’izuba ndetse n’igabanuka ry’ibiciro byatumye guverinoma ishishikarira kugabanya karuboni. Williams yahamagaye abayobozi bagera ku ya 80 Ugushyingo kugira ngo bitabira “ihuriro ry’ingufu z’ingufu” kugira ngo bamenye uko bayobora mu isi itunguranye. Yashinze injeniyeri mukuru kuyobora itsinda rishakisha amahirwe muyindi nama y’ingufu. Yahaye abandi ba injeniyeri gukora “ibanga ry’umushinga wa Manhattan rwihishwa” -impande zishobora gukoresha ubumenyi bwa peteroli na gaze ya NOV “kugira ngo habeho inyungu zo guhatanira ingufu mu bijyanye n’ingufu zisukuye.”
Bimwe muri ibyo bitekerezo biracyakora. Williams yambwiye ko imwe ari inzira nziza yo kubaka imirasire y'izuba. Hamwe nishoramari ryamasosiyete manini, imirasire yizuba iragenda iba nini, kuva Texas yuburengerazuba kugera muburasirazuba bwo hagati. Yagaragaje ko iyubakwa ry’ibi bikoresho ubusanzwe ari “nkumushinga munini wo guteranya ibikoresho bya IKEA umuntu wese wigeze abona”. Nubwo Williams yanze gutanga ibisobanuro birambuye, NOV iragerageza kuzana inzira nziza. Ikindi gitekerezo nuburyo bushya bushobora kubika ammonia-ibintu bya shimi NOV byubatswe kugirango bikore ibikoresho bya hydrogène, nkuburyo bwo gutwara umuyaga mwinshi nizuba ryinshi kugirango bibyare amashanyarazi, iki kintu kiragenda cyitabwaho cyane.
NOV ikomeje gushora imari cyane mu mbaraga z'umuyaga. Muri 2018, yaguze umwubatsi w’Ubuholandi GustoMSC, ufite umwanya wingenzi mu bijyanye n’ubwato kandi ikorera mu Burayi inganda zikoresha ingufu z’umuyaga mu nyanja. Muri 2019, NOV yaguze imigabane muri Denver ishingiye kuri Keystone Tower Systems. NOV yizera ko iyi sosiyete yateguye uburyo bwo kubaka iminara miremire ya turbine ndende ku giciro gito. Aho kugirango ukoreshe uburyo buzwi bwo gukora umunara wa tubular usudira hamwe ibyuma bisobekeranye hamwe, Keystone arateganya gukoresha ibyuma bikomeza ibyuma kugirango abikore, gato nkikarito yimisarani yimpapuro. Kuberako imiterere ya spiral yongerera imbaraga umuyoboro, ubu buryo bugomba kwemerera gukoresha ibyuma bike.
Ku masosiyete akora imashini, "inzibacyuho yingufu zirashobora koroha kubigeraho", kuruta ibigo byinjiza amafaranga mugurisha zahabu yumukara.
Imishinga shoramari ya NOV yashoye miliyoni y'amadolari muri Keystone, ariko yanga gutanga imibare nyayo. Ntabwo ari amafaranga menshi yo mu Gushyingo, ariko isosiyete ibona ishoramari ari inzira yo gukoresha ibyiza byayo kugirango ryinjire ku isoko ryihuta. Aya masezerano yemereye gufungura uruganda rwo kubaka uruganda rwa peteroli mu Gushyingo, rwafunzwe umwaka ushize kubera ko isoko rya peteroli ryagabanutse. Iherereye mu mujyi wa Panhandle muri Pampa, ntabwo iri hagati y’imirima ya peteroli yo muri Amerika gusa, ahubwo no hagati y '“umukandara w’umuyaga”. Uruganda rwa Pampa nta kimenyetso cyerekana impinduramatwara y’ikoranabuhanga rikomeye. Iyi ni icyondo cyatawe hamwe na metero ya beto ifite inyubako esheshatu ndende kandi zifunganye zinganda zifite ibisenge byicyuma. Keystone irimo gushiraho imashini yambere-yubwoko bwayo kugirango itangire kubyara iminara yumuyaga wa turbine nyuma yuyu mwaka. Uru ruganda rwari rufite abakozi bagera kuri 85 mbere yuko rufunga umwaka ushize. Ubu hari abakozi bagera kuri 15. Biteganijwe ko muri Nzeri hazaba hari abakozi 70. Niba kugurisha bigenda neza, hashobora kuba abakozi 200 hagati yumwaka utaha.
Kugenzura ingamba za Ugushyingo Keystone yahoze ari banki ishoramari ya Goldman Sachs Narayanan Radhakrishnan. Igihe Radhakrishnan yahisemo kuva mu biro bya Goldman Sachs 'Houston mu mwaka wa 2019, yakoraga mu isosiyete ikora ibijyanye na peteroli, ntabwo yakoraga peteroli, kuko yasesenguye ibibazo byo kubaho mu nganda. Mu guhamagarwa kwa Zoom iwe muri Gashyantare, yavuze ko "impinduka z’ingufu zishobora koroha kubigeraho" ku masosiyete akora imashini zikoresha ingufu, aho kuba amasosiyete yinjiza amafaranga agurisha zahabu yirabura. NOV "irushanwa ryibanze ntabwo riri mubicuruzwa byanyuma; ni ukubaka ibintu binini kandi bigoye bikora ahantu habi. ” Kubwibyo, ugereranije nabakora peteroli, NOV biroroshye guhindura icyerekezo, "umutungo uri munsi yubutaka".
Radhakrishnan yizera ko gukoresha ubunararibonye bwa NOV mu gukora cyane ibyuma bikoresha peteroli zigendanwa ku mashini y’umuyaga w’umuyaga wa Keystone bishobora gufungura uduce twinshi two muri Amerika ndetse n’isi kandi bigahinduka isoko ry’ingufu zumuyaga. Mubisanzwe, iminara ya turbine yumuyaga iri kure yuruganda aho yubatswe kugeza aho yashyizwe. Rimwe na rimwe, ibi bisaba inzira izenguruka kugirango wirinde inzitizi, nk'inzira nyabagendwa. Muri izo nzitizi, umunara uhambiriye ku buriri bw'ikamyo ntukwiriye. Kubaka umunara kumurongo winteko igendanwa wubatswe byigihe gito hafi yikibanza cyubatswe, NOV yemeje ko umunara ugomba kwemererwa gukuba kabiri uburebure - kugeza kuri metero 600, cyangwa 55. Kuberako umuvuduko wumuyaga wiyongera hamwe nuburebure, kandi umuyaga muremure wa turbine utanga umutobe mwinshi, iminara miremire irashobora guta amafaranga menshi. Amaherezo, kubaka iminara ya turbine yumuyaga irashobora kwimurirwa mu nyanja - mubyukuri, ku nyanja.
Inyanja ni ahantu hamenyerewe cyane kuri NOV. Mu 2002, hamwe n’ubushake bugenda bushishikazwa n’igitekerezo gishya cy’ingufu z’umuyaga wo mu nyanja mu Burayi, isosiyete ikora ubwato bw’Ubuholandi GustoMSC, nyuma NOV yaje kubona, yasinyanye amasezerano yo guha ubwato bwa mbere ku isi bwagenewe ingufu z’umuyaga na sisitemu ya jack-up. -Gushiraho gahunda, gukemura ikibazo cya Mayflower. Iyo barge irashobora gushiraho gusa turbine mubwimbye bwa metero 115 cyangwa munsi yayo. Kuva icyo gihe, Gusto yateguye amato agera kuri 35 yo gushyiramo umuyaga wa turbine, 5 muri yo akaba yarakozwe mu myaka ibiri ishize. Amato yacyo yegereye, harimo n'ayubatswe muri Brownsville, yagenewe amazi yimbitse - ubusanzwe metero 165 cyangwa zirenga.
NOV yakoresheje tekinoroji ebyiri zo gucukura peteroli, cyane cyane mugushiraho umuyaga wa turbine. Imwe muriyo ni sisitemu ya jack-up, amaguru yayo arambuye mu nyanja, azamura ubwato kugera kuri metero 150 hejuru y’amazi. Intego ni ukureba ko crane yayo ishobora kugera hejuru bihagije kugirango ushyire umunara hamwe nicyuma cya turbine. Ibikomoka kuri peteroli mubisanzwe bifite amaguru atatu ya jack-up, ariko amato ya turbine yumuyaga akenera ane kugirango ahangane nigitutu cyo kwimura ibikoresho biremereye murwego rwo hejuru. Ibikomoka kuri peteroli bishyirwa ku iriba ryamavuta amezi menshi, mugihe amato ya turbine yumuyaga ava ahantu hamwe akajya ahandi, mubisanzwe hejuru no munsi buri munsi.
Ubundi Ugushyingo guhindurwa kuva mumavuta kugera kumuyaga nuburyo bushobora gukururwa, uburebure bwa metero 500 z'uburebure bwa gakondo bwayo. NOV yarayiteguye kugirango ibashe gusunika umuyaga wa turbine umuyaga mwijuru. Muri Mutarama 2020, icyitegererezo cya crane nshya cyashyizwe mu biro bya Keppel i Chidan, mu Buholandi. Mu Gushyingo, abayobozi bagera kuri 40 baturutse impande zose z'isi bahagurukiye kwitabira amahugurwa y'iminsi ibiri ku ngamba z’ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu muri sosiyete. . “Ibice icumi by'ingenzi” byagaragaye: bitatu ni ingufu z'umuyaga, hiyongereyeho ingufu z'izuba, geothermal, hydrogène, gufata karubone no kubika, kubika ingufu, ubucukuzi bw'inyanja, na biyogazi.
Nabajije Frode Jensen, visi perezida mukuru w’ibicuruzwa no gucukura NOV, umuyobozi mukuru witabiriye inama ya Schiedam kubyerekeye ikintu cya nyuma, ikoranabuhanga ririmo gukora gaze ishobora gutwikwa kugirango itange amashanyarazi. Cyane cyane isoko ya gaze karemano? Jensen araseka. “Nabishyira nte?” yabajije cyane mu mvugo ya Noruveje. “Inka y'inka.” NOV ikora ubushakashatsi kuri biyogazi n’ikoranabuhanga mu murima wahinduwe ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi n’iterambere ry’amasosiyete i Navasota, umujyi muto uri hagati ya Houston n’umujyi wa kaminuza, uzwi ku izina rya “The blues capital of Texas”. Ese Jensen bakorana na biyogazi batekereza ko NOV ishobora kuvamo amafaranga? Ntiyigeze agaragaza, ati: "Ibyo, ni byo batekereza."
Kuva inama yabereye i Schiedam hashize hafi umwaka nigice, Jensen yahinduye igihe kinini umuyaga. Arimo gutegeka NOV guteza imbere umupaka ukurikira w'umuyaga uturuka ku nyanja: turbine nini ziri kure y’inyanja bityo zikareremba mu mazi maremare. Ntibizunguruka munsi yinyanja, ahubwo bihambiriye munsi yinyanja, mubisanzwe hamwe ninsinga. Hariho impamvu ebyiri zitera ikiguzi hamwe ningorabahizi zubaka mukubaka inyubako ndende yinyanja: kwirinda abatavuga rumwe nabatuye ku nkombe badashaka ko icyerekezo cyabo cyangizwa na turbine z'umuyaga zitari mu gikari cyanjye, no gukoresha inyungu za inyanja yagutse n'umuyaga mwinshi. .
Ubu bwato buzitwa Charybdis, bwitiriwe igisimba cyo mu nyanja mu migani y'Abagereki. Urebye uko ubukungu bwifashe nabi mu bucuruzi bw’ingufu, iri ni izina ryiza.
Amwe mu masosiyete akomeye ya peteroli y’ibihugu byinshi ku isi akoresha amafaranga menshi kugirango agure inzira yo kuyobora inzira muri iyi ntera yihuta y’umuyaga ureremba. Kurugero, muri Gashyantare, BP n’umushinga w’amashanyarazi w’Ubudage EnBW bafatanije kwirukana abandi bapiganwa mu mazi kugira ngo bambure uburenganzira bwo gushyiraho “teritwari” y’umuyaga ureremba mu nyanja ya Irilande hafi y’Ubwongereza. BP na EnBW basabye ibirenze Shell n'ibindi bihangange bya peteroli, bemera kwishyura miliyari 1.37 z'amadorali buri muntu ku burenganzira bw'iterambere. Urebye ko abakora peteroli benshi kwisi ari abakiriya bayo, NOV yizeye kubagurisha imashini nyinshi bazakoresha mumashanyarazi yumuyaga.
Gukoresha ingufu z'umuyaga nabyo byahinduye ikibuga cya Keppel muri Brownsville. Abakozi bayo 1.500 - hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy’abantu yahaye akazi mu gihe cyo kuzamuka kwa peteroli mu 2008 - usibye amato yo gushyiramo umuyaga w’umuyaga, banubaka amato abiri ya kontineri na dredger. Abakozi bagera kuri 150 boherejwe muri iyi turbine y’umuyaga, ariko mu gihe umwaka utaha imirimo yo kubaka izaba yuzuye, uyu mubare urashobora kwiyongera ukagera kuri 800.Abakozi bose bakora mu bwubatsi bashobora kwiyongera bagera ku 1.800, bitewe n’ubucuruzi bukomeye muri rusange.
Intambwe yambere yo kubaka ubwato bwo gushyiramo umuyaga wa turbine kuri Dominion burasa cyane nubwa Keppel imaze igihe kinini yubaka amavuta. Amasahani aremereye agaburirwa mumashini yitwa Wilberett, ikabora. Ibyo bice noneho biracibwa, bikabikwa kandi bigakorwa, hanyuma bigasudwa mo ibice binini byubwato, byitwa "uduce duto." Ibyo bisudira mubice; utwo duce noneho dusudira muri kontineri. Nyuma yo koroshya no gushushanya - igikorwa cyakorewe mu nyubako zitwa “ibyumba biturika”, zimwe muri zo zikaba zifite amagorofa atatu - ubwato bufite ibikoresho by’imashini ndetse n’aho butuye.
Ariko hariho itandukaniro rikomeye hagati yo kubaka peteroli hamwe no kubaka ubwato. Igihe bubakaga amato ya Dominion - kubaka byatangiye mu Kwakira umwaka ushize bikaba biteganijwe ko bizarangira mu 2023 - Abakozi ba Keppel muri Brownsville bagerageje kubitwara. Ahari ingorane zitoroshye zirimo ni uko, bitandukanye na peteroli, ubwato bugenda bukenera umwanya munini kububiko bwabo kugirango ubike iminara nicyuma bizashyirwaho. Ibi byahatiye abajenjeri kumenya insinga z'ubwato, imiyoboro, hamwe n'imashini zitandukanye zo mu gihugu ku buryo ikintu cyose cyanyuraga muri etage (nk'imyanda) cyamanuwe kugeza ku nkombe y'inyuma. Gushakisha uko wabikora bisa no gukemura ikibazo kitoroshye. I Brownsville, umurimo waguye ku bitugu by'umuyobozi ushinzwe ubwubatsi Bernardino Salinas w'imyaka 38 mu gikari.
Salinas yavukiye i Rio Bravo, muri Mexico, ku mupaka wa Texas. Yabaye i Brownsville, muri Keppel kuva yakira impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu bijyanye n’inganda yakuye muri kaminuza ya Texas A&M i Kingsville mu 2005. Akazi k'uruganda. Buri gicamunsi, ubwo Salinas yiga yitonze igishushanyo mbonera cya elegitoroniki maze agahitamo aho yashyira puzzle itaha, azakoresha videwo aganira na mugenzi we wo muri Singapuru ya Keppel Shipyard, imaze kubaka ubwato bwo gushyiramo umuyaga. Umunsi umwe Gashyantare nyuma ya saa sita i Brownsville - bukeye bwaho muri Singapuru - bombi baganiriye ku buryo bwo kuvoma amazi ya bilge na sisitemu y’amazi ya ballast kugira ngo amazi atembera mu bwato. Ku rundi ruhande, bunguranye ibitekerezo ku miterere ya moteri nkuru ikonjesha.
Ubwato bwa Brownsville buzitwa Charybdis. Igisimba cyo mu nyanja mu migani y'Abagereki kiba munsi y'urutare, kijugunya amazi ku ruhande rumwe rw'imigozi migufi, naho ku rundi ruhande, ikindi kiremwa cyitwa Skula kizanyaga abasare bose banyura hafi cyane. Scylla na Charybdis bahatiye amato guhitamo inzira zabo neza. Urebye uko ubukungu bwifashe nabi aho Keppel nubucuruzi bwingufu bukorera, ibi bisa nkizina ryiza.
Uruganda rwa peteroli ruracyari mu gikari cya Brownsville. Brian Garza, umukozi wa Keppel w'imyaka 26 ukundwa cyane, yabinyeretse mu ruzinduko rw'amasaha abiri nanyuze muri Zoom ku gicamunsi cy'imvi muri Gashyantare. Ikindi kimenyetso cy’ibibazo by’inganda zikomoka kuri peteroli ni uko Valaris ukomoka mu mujyi wa Londres, nyiri uruganda runini rwa peteroli ku isi, yahombye mu mwaka ushize maze agurisha urwo ruganda ikigo cy’ishami rya SpaceX ku giciro gito cya miliyoni 3.5 z’amadolari y’Amerika. Yashinzwe n'umuherwe Elon Musk, yatangaje amagambo ubwo yatangizaga mu mpera z'umwaka ushize ko azava muri Californiya akajya muri Texas. Mu bindi bihangano bya Musk harimo uruganda rukora imodoka z’amashanyarazi Tesla, rwagize uruhare mu kuzamura inganda z’amavuta ya Texas kurya kurya peteroli. Garza yambwiye ko SpaceX yahinduye icyo cyuma Deimos nka kimwe mu byogajuru bibiri bya Mars. Musk yemeje ko SpaceX amaherezo izakoresha roketi zarashwe ziva ku mbuga za interineti kugira ngo zitware abantu ku isi bajya ku mubumbe utukura.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira-16-2021