Byakozwe na Todd Brady na Stephen H. Miller, ubukonje bwa CDTC bwakozwe (CFSF) (buzwi kandi ku izina rya "light gauge") bwari busanzwe busimburana ku biti, ariko nyuma yimyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo bukora, amaherezo bwagize uruhare. Kimwe nububaji bwuzuye ibiti, inkingi zicyuma hamwe ninzira zirashobora gutemwa no guhuzwa kugirango habeho imiterere igoye. Ariko, kugeza vuba aha ntihaboneka ibipimo nyabyo byibigize cyangwa ibice. Buri mwobo utoroshye cyangwa ikindi kintu cyihariye cyubatswe kigomba gusobanurwa kugiti cyawe na Engineer of Record (EOR). Ba rwiyemezamirimo ntabwo buri gihe bakurikiza amakuru yihariye yumushinga, kandi barashobora "gukora ibintu ukundi" mugihe kirekire. Nubwo bimeze gurtyo, hariho itandukaniro rikomeye muburyo bwiza bwo guterana.
Ubwanyuma, kumenyera bitera kutanyurwa, kandi kutanyurwa bitera udushya. Abanyamuryango bashya (barenze C-Inyigisho zisanzwe na U-Track) ntibaboneka gusa bakoresheje tekinoroji yo gushushanya, ariko birashobora no kuba byateguwe mbere / byemejwe mbere bikenewe kugirango tunonosore icyiciro cya CFSF mubijyanye no gushushanya no kubaka. .
Ibipimo ngenderwaho, byubatswe bigamije guhuza nibisobanuro birashobora gukora imirimo myinshi muburyo bumwe, bitanga imikorere myiza kandi yizewe. Borohereza ibisobanuro birambuye kandi batanga igisubizo cyorohereza abashoramari gushiraho neza. Bihutisha kandi kubaka no koroshya ubugenzuzi, kubika umwanya no guhura. Ibi bice bisanzwe kandi bitezimbere umutekano wakazi mukugabanya gukata, guteranya, gusunika no gusudira.
Imyitozo isanzwe idafite amahame ya CFSF yahindutse igice cyemewe cyimiterere kuburyo bigoye kwiyumvisha amazu yubucuruzi cyangwa amagorofa maremare atayifite. Uku kwemerwa kwinshi kugerwaho mugihe gito ugereranije kandi ntabwo cyakoreshejwe cyane kugeza intambara ya kabiri yisi yose irangiye.
Igishushanyo mbonera cya mbere cya CFSF cyasohowe mu 1946 n'Ikigo cy'Abanyamerika gishinzwe ibyuma n'ibyuma (AISI). Verisiyo iheruka, AISI S 200-07 (Amajyaruguru ya Amerika yo muri Cold yashizweho ibyuma bikonje - Rusange), ubu ni bisanzwe muri Kanada, Amerika na Mexico.
Ibipimo ngenderwaho byibanze byagize itandukaniro rinini kandi CFSF yabaye uburyo bwubwubatsi buzwi, bwaba butwara imitwaro cyangwa butaremereye. Inyungu zayo zirimo:
Nka udushya nkuko AISI isanzwe, ntabwo ikora ibintu byose. Abashushanya naba rwiyemezamirimo baracyafite byinshi byo gufata umwanzuro.
Sisitemu ya CFSF ishingiye kuri sitidiyo na gari ya moshi. Ibyuma byuma, nkibiti byimbaho, nibintu bihagaritse. Mubisanzwe bakora C-yambukiranya igice, hamwe na "hejuru" na "hepfo" ya C ikora igipimo kigufi cya sitidiyo (flange yacyo). Kuyobora ni ikadiri ya horizontal (inzitizi na lintel), ifite U-shusho yo kwakira rack. Ingano ya rack isanzwe isa nimbaho "2 ×": 41 x 89 mm (1 5/8 x 3 ½ inches) ni "2 x 4 ″ na 41 x 140 mm (1 5/8 x 5). ½ inch) bingana na “2 × 6 ″. Muri izo ngero, uburebure bwa mm 41 bwitwa "akazu" naho uburebure bwa mm 89 cyangwa mm 140 bwitwa "urubuga", kuguza ibitekerezo bizwi mubyuma bishyushye hamwe nabanyamuryango ba I-beam. Ingano yumurongo ihuye nubugari rusange bwa sitidiyo.
Kugeza vuba aha, ibintu bikomeye byasabwaga numushinga byagombaga gusobanurwa na EOR hanyuma bigateranirizwa kurubuga hakoreshejwe guhuza sitidiyo ya combo na gare, hamwe nibintu C- na U. Iboneza nyabyo mubisanzwe bihabwa rwiyemezamirimo ndetse no mumushinga umwe birashobora gutandukana cyane. Nyamara, uburambe bwa CFSF bwimyaka myinshi bwatumye tumenya aho imipaka igarukira hamwe nibibazo bifitanye isano nayo.
Kurugero, amazi arashobora kwirundanyiriza muri gari ya moshi yo hepfo yurukuta rwa sitidiyo iyo sitidiyo ifunguye mugihe cyo kubaka. Kuba hari ibiti, impapuro, cyangwa ibindi bikoresho kama bishobora gutera ibumba cyangwa ibindi bibazo bifitanye isano nubushuhe, harimo kwangirika kwumye cyangwa gukurura udukoko inyuma yuruzitiro. Ikibazo gisa nacyo kirashobora kubaho mugihe amazi yinjiye murukuta rwuzuye hanyuma akegeranya avuye muri kondegene, kumeneka, cyangwa kumeneka.
Igisubizo kimwe ninzira idasanzwe ifite umwobo wacukuwe kugirango utwarwe. Igishushanyo mbonera cya sitidiyo nacyo kiri mu iterambere. Biranga ibintu bishya nkurubavu rwashyizwe mubikorwa bigenda byuzuzanya kugirango byongerwe gukomera. Ubuso bwububiko bwa sitidiyo bubuza umugozi "kugenda", bikavamo guhuza isuku no kurangiza kimwe. Iterambere rito, ryikubye ibihumbi mirongo, rishobora kugira ingaruka nini kumushinga.
Kujya hejuru ya sitidiyo na gariyamoshi Gari ya moshi na gari ya moshi akenshi birahagije kurukuta rworoshye rudafite umwobo utoroshye. Imizigo irashobora gushiramo uburemere bwurukuta ubwabwo, kurangiza nibikoresho kuriwo, uburemere bwumuyaga, kandi kurukuta rumwe narwo harimo imizigo ihoraho kandi yigihe gito kuva hejuru yinzu cyangwa hasi hejuru. Iyi mitwaro yoherejwe kuva gari ya moshi yo hejuru hejuru yinkingi, kuri gari ya moshi yo hepfo, no kuva aho igana umusingi cyangwa ibindi bice byububiko (urugero: beto ya beto cyangwa ibyuma byubatswe byubatswe hamwe nibiti).
Niba hari gufungura (RO) kurukuta (nk'urugi, idirishya, cyangwa umuyoboro munini wa HVAC), umutwaro uva hejuru yugurura ugomba kwimurwa hafi yacyo. Lintel igomba kuba ikomeye bihagije kugirango ishyigikire umutwaro uva kuri kimwe cyangwa byinshi bita sitidiyo (hamwe nu mugozi wumye) hejuru ya lintel hanyuma ukayimurira kuri sitidiyo ya jamb (abanyamuryango ba vertical RO).
Mu buryo nk'ubwo, inzugi z'umuryango zigomba kuba zateguwe kugirango zikore umutwaro urenze imyanya isanzwe. Kurugero, mumwanya wimbere, gufungura bigomba kuba bikomeye bihagije kugirango bishyigikire uburemere bwumye hejuru yugurura (urugero, 29 kg / m2 [ibiro 6 kuri metero kare] [igipande kimwe cya mm 16 (5/8 cm) kuri isaha y'urukuta.) kuruhande rwa plaster] cyangwa 54 kg / m2 umuryango n'imikorere yacyo idahwitse. Ahantu ho hanze, gufungura bigomba kuba bishobora guhangana n'umuyaga, umutingito hamwe n'imizigo isa.
Mubishushanyo gakondo bya CFSF, imitwe hamwe na sill post ikorerwa kurubuga muguhuza ibice bisanzwe hamwe na gari ya moshi mubice bikomeye. Ubusanzwe busanzwe bwa osmose, bizwi nka cassette manifold, bikozwe no gusunika no / cyangwa gusudira hamwe bitanu hamwe. Imyanya ibiri ihujwe na gari ya moshi ebyiri, na gari ya moshi ya gatatu ifatanye hejuru hamwe n'umwobo ureba hejuru kugirango ushyire post hejuru yumwobo (Ishusho 1). Ubundi bwoko bwibisanduku bihuriweho bigizwe nibice bine gusa: sitidiyo ebyiri nubuyobozi bubiri. Ibindi bigizwe n'ibice bitatu - inzira ebyiri n'umusatsi. Uburyo nyabwo bwo kubyaza umusaruro ibyo bice ntabwo busanzwe, ariko buratandukanye hagati yabasezeranye ndetse nabakozi.
Nubwo umusaruro uhuza ushobora gutera ibibazo byinshi, wagaragaye neza mubikorwa byinganda. Igiciro cyicyiciro cya injeniyeri cyari kinini kuko nta bipimo byari bihari, bityo gufungura bikabije byagombaga gutegurwa no kurangizwa kugiti cye. Gukata no guteranya ibyo bikoresho byibanda cyane kubikorwa kurubuga nabyo byiyongera kubiciro, guta ibikoresho, kongera imyanda yikibanza, kandi byongera umutekano muke. Mubyongeyeho, itanga ibibazo byubuziranenge kandi bihamye abashushanya umwuga bagomba guhangayikishwa cyane. Ibi bikunda kugabanya ubudahwema, ubuziranenge, nubwizerwe bwikadiri, kandi birashobora no kugira ingaruka kumiterere yumye. (Reba "Guhuza nabi" kuburorero bwibi bibazo.)
Sisitemu yo guhuza Kugerekaho modular ihuza na racks birashobora kandi gutera ibibazo byuburanga. Icyuma hejuru yicyuma cyatewe na tabs kuri modular manifold irashobora kugira ingaruka kurukuta. Nta cyuma cyimbere cyangwa cyambaye imbere kigomba kuryama hejuru y'urupapuro rw'icyuma ruvamo imitwe. Urukuta ruzamuye hejuru rushobora gutera kurangiza kugaragara kandi bisaba akazi gakosora kugirango ubihishe.
Igisubizo kimwe cyikibazo cyo guhuza ni ugukoresha clamp ziteguye, kuzizirika kumyanya ya jamb no guhuza ingingo. Ubu buryo busanzwe buhuza kandi bukuraho ibitagenda neza biterwa no guhimba kurubuga. Clamp ikuraho ibyuma byuzuzanya kandi bigasohora imitwe ya screw kurukuta, bigatera imbere kurukuta. Irashobora kandi kugabanya amafaranga yumurimo wo kwishyiriraho kabiri. Mbere, umukozi umwe yagombaga gufata urwego rwumutwe mugihe undi yarusunitse mu mwanya. Muri sisitemu ya clip, umukozi ashyiraho clips hanyuma agafata abahuza kuri clips. Iyi clamp isanzwe ikorwa mubice bigize sisitemu ikwiye.
Impamvu yo gukora ibicuruzwa biva mubice byinshi byicyuma kigoramye nugutanga ikintu gikomeye kuruta igice kimwe cyumuhanda kugirango ushyigikire urukuta hejuru yugurura. Kubera ko kunama bikomera ibyuma kugirango birinde guturika, bikora neza mikorobe mu ndege nini yikintu, igisubizo kimwe gishobora kugerwaho ukoresheje igice kimwe cyicyuma gifite imigozi myinshi.
Iri hame ryoroshye kubyumva ufashe urupapuro mumaboko arambuye gato. Ubwa mbere, impapuro zizingiye hagati hanyuma ziranyerera. Ariko, niba ifunitse rimwe muburebure bwayo hanyuma igakingurwa (kugirango impapuro zikore umuyoboro wa V), ntibishobora kunama no kugwa. Inshuro nyinshi ukoze, gukomera bizaba (mumipaka runaka).
Tekinike nyinshi yo kugoreka ikoresha iyi ngaruka wongeyeho imiyoboro ihanamye, imiyoboro, hamwe nu muzingo kumiterere rusange. "Direct Strength Calculation" - uburyo bushya bufatika bufashijwe na mudasobwa - bwasimbuye gakondo "Ubugari Bwiza Bwiza" kandi butuma imiterere yoroshye ihinduka muburyo bukwiye, bunoze kugirango ibone ibisubizo byiza bivuye mubyuma. Iyi nzira irashobora kugaragara muri sisitemu nyinshi za CFSF. Iyi shusho, cyane cyane iyo ukoresheje ibyuma bikomeye (390 MPa (57 psi) aho kuba inganda zabanjirije inganda za 250 MPa (36 psi)), irashobora kunoza imikorere rusange yikintu nta guhuzagurika mubunini, uburemere, cyangwa ubunini. guhinduka. habaye impinduka.
Kubijyanye nicyuma gikonje gikonje, ikindi kintu kiza gukina. Ubukonje bukora ibyuma, nko kunama, bihindura imiterere yicyuma ubwacyo. Imbaraga zumusaruro nimbaraga zingutu igice cyatunganijwe cyicyuma cyiyongera, ariko ihindagurika rigabanuka. Ibice bikora cyane bibona byinshi. Iterambere muburyo bwo kuzunguruka ryatumye habaho kunama, bivuze ko ibyuma byegereye impande zigoramye bisaba akazi kenshi kuruta uburyo bwo gushinga ibizunguruka. Ninini kandi ikomera kugoramye, ibyuma byinshi mubintu bizashimangirwa nakazi gakonje, byongere imbaraga rusange yibintu.
Inzira U-isanzwe ifite imirongo ibiri, C-sitidiyo ifite enye. Imashini yabanje guhindurwa W manifold ifite 14 yunamye itunganijwe kugirango igabanye urugero rwibyuma birwanya guhangayika. Igice kimwe muriyi miterere gishobora kuba urugi rwose mumuryango mugukingura gukabije kumuryango.
Kubugari bwagutse cyane (ni ukuvuga hejuru ya m 2) Yongeramo ibyuma byinshi na 14 byunamye, bizana umubare wuzuye wunamye muburyo rusange kuri 28. Kwinjiza bishyirwa imbere muri polygon hamwe na Ws ihindagurika kuburyo Ws zombi hamwe zikora X-shusho itoroshye. Amaguru ya W akora nk'imipira. Bashyizeho sitidiyo zabuze hejuru ya RO, zafatwaga hamwe na screw. Ibi birakurikizwa niba hashyizweho insimburangingo.
Inyungu nyamukuru ziyi sisitemu / umutwe wa sisitemu ni umuvuduko, guhuzagurika no kurangiza neza. Muguhitamo sisitemu yemewe ya lintel yemewe, nkimwe yemejwe na serivisi mpuzamahanga ishinzwe isuzuma rya komite ishinzwe kugenzura imikorere (ICC-ES), abashushanya ibintu bashobora kwerekana ibice bishingiye kubisabwa no kurinda inkongi y'umuriro, kandi bakirinda gukora igishushanyo mbonera cya buri murimo. , kuzigama igihe n'umutungo. . Iyi prefabrication kandi iremeza ko gufungura impumyi byubatswe nkuko byateguwe, bifite imiterere ihamye kandi yubuziranenge, nta gutandukana bitewe no gukata no guterana.
Kwiyubaka kwama nako gutezimbere nkuko clamps yabanje gutobora imyobo yomudodo, byoroshye kubara no gushyira hamwe hamwe na sitidiyo ya jamb. Kurandura ibyuma hejuru yinkuta, bigateza hejuru yumye kandi bikarinda ubusumbane.
Byongeye kandi, sisitemu nkiyi ifite inyungu zibidukikije. Ugereranije nibintu bigize ibice, gukoresha ibyuma byigice kimwe birashobora kugabanuka kugera kuri 40%. Kubera ko ibyo bidasaba gusudira, imyuka iherekeza imyuka yubumara ikurwaho.
Kwiga Flange Kwiga Sitidiyo gakondo ikorwa muguhuza (screwing na / cyangwa gusudira) sitidi ebyiri cyangwa nyinshi. Nubwo bafite imbaraga, barashobora no kwihangira ibibazo byabo. Biroroshye cyane guterana mbere yo kwishyiriraho, cyane cyane kubijyanye no kugurisha. Ariko, ibi birabuza kugera kumurongo wigice cyometse kumuryango wa Hollow Metal Frame (HMF).
Igisubizo kimwe nugukata umwobo murimwe murwego rwo hejuru kugirango uhambire kumurongo uhereye imbere yinteko igororotse. Ariko, ibi birashobora gutuma ubugenzuzi bugorana kandi bugasaba akazi kiyongereye. Abagenzuzi bazwiho gutsimbarara ku guhuza HMF kuri kimwe cya kabiri cya sitidiyo ya rugi no kuyigenzura, hanyuma basudira igice cya kabiri cy'iteraniro rya sitidiyo ebyiri. Ibi bihagarika imirimo yose ikikije umuryango, birashobora gutinza indi mirimo, kandi bigasaba kongera umuriro kubera gusudira aho.
Ibikoresho byateguwe neza-bitugu (byashizweho byumwihariko nka jamb sitidiyo) birashobora gukoreshwa mumwanya wa sitidiyo ihamye, bikabika umwanya nibikoresho. Ibibazo byo kwinjira bifitanye isano numuryango wa HMF nabyo byakemuwe nkuko uruhande C rufunguye rwemerera kwinjira bidasubirwaho no kugenzura byoroshye. Ifunguye C-ifungura kandi itanga insulente yuzuye aho lintel hamwe na jamb zishyizwe hamwe zitera icyuho cya mm 102 kugeza kuri 152 (santimetero 4 kugeza kuri 6) mukuzenguruka kumuryango.
Kwihuza hejuru yurukuta Ikindi gice cyibishushanyo cyungukiye mu guhanga udushya ni ihuriro hejuru yurukuta kugeza kumurongo wo hejuru. Intera kuva mu igorofa kugeza ku yindi irashobora gutandukana gato mugihe bitewe nuburyo butandukanye muburyo bwo gutandukana. Ku nkuta zidafite imitwaro, hagomba kubaho icyuho kiri hejuru ya sitidiyo hamwe na panne, ibi bituma igorofa yimuka itabanje kumenagura sitidiyo. Ihuriro rigomba kandi kuba rishobora kuzamuka utarinze kumena. Ihanagura byibuze mm 12,5 (½ muri.), Ni kimwe cya kabiri cyihanganira ingendo zingana na mm 12.5 mm.
Ibisubizo bibiri gakondo byiganje. Imwe muriyo ni uguhuza inzira ndende (50 cyangwa 60 mm (2 cyangwa 2,5 in)) kumurongo, hamwe nama nama ya sitidiyo yinjijwe mumurongo, ntabwo ifite umutekano. Kugirango wirinde ko sitidiyo ihindagurika no gutakaza agaciro kayo, igice cyumuyoboro ukonje cyinjijwe mumwobo uri muri sitidiyo intera ya mm 150 (santimetero 6) hejuru yurukuta. inzira yo gukoresha Inzira ntabwo ikunzwe nabasezeranye. Mu rwego rwo guca inguni, bamwe mu barwiyemezamirimo barashobora no kureka umuyoboro ukonje ushyira sitidiyo kuri gari ya moshi nta buryo bwo kubifata mu mwanya cyangwa kuburinganiza. Ibi binyuranyije na ASTM C 754 Imyitozo isanzwe yo gushiraho abanyamuryango ba Framing Framing kugirango batange ibicuruzwa byumye byumye, bivuga ko sitidiyo igomba kuba ifatanye na gari ya moshi. Niba uku gutandukana kubishushanyo bitamenyekanye, bizagira ingaruka kumiterere yurukuta rwuzuye.
Ikindi gisubizo gikoreshwa cyane ni igishushanyo mbonera cya kabiri. Inzira isanzwe ishyirwa hejuru ya sitidiyo kandi buri sitidiyo ihindurwamo. Isegonda ya kabiri, yakozwe-mugari, inzira yagutse ishyirwa hejuru yambere kandi ihujwe na etage yo hejuru. Inzira zisanzwe zirashobora kunyerera hejuru no imbere imbere yumurongo wihariye.
Ibisubizo byinshi byateguwe kubwiki gikorwa, byose birimo ibice byihariye bitanga imiyoboro ihanamye. Itandukaniro ririmo ubwoko bwumurongo wateganijwe cyangwa ubwoko bwa clip yafashwe ikoreshwa muguhuza inzira kumurongo. Kurugero, shyira gari ya moshi igana munsi yurugero ukoresheje uburyo bwo gufunga bukwiranye nibikoresho byihariye. Imigozi yashizwemo ifatanye hejuru ya sitidiyo (ukurikije ASTM C 754) ituma ihuza ryizamuka hejuru no munsi ya mm 25 (santimetero 1).
Muri firewall, ayo masano areremba agomba kurindwa umuriro. Munsi yicyuma gisobekeranye cyuzuyemo beto, ibikoresho byo kuzimya umuriro bigomba kuba byuzuza umwanya utaringaniye munsi yigitereko kandi bigakomeza imirimo yacyo yo kurwanya umuriro nkuko intera iri hagati yurukuta nigorofa ihinduka. Ibice byakoreshejwe kuriyi ngingo byageragejwe hakurikijwe ASTM E 2837-11 nshya (Uburyo bwikizamini cyo kugerageza kumenya umuriro wumuriro wa rukuta rukomeye rwa sisitemu yashyizwe hagati yibice byateganijwe hamwe nibice biterekeranye na Horizontal). Ibipimo bishingiye kuri Laboratoire ya Underwriters (UL) 2079, “Gupima umuriro Kubaka Sisitemu yo Guhuza”.
Ibyiza byo gukoresha ihuza ryabigenewe hejuru yurukuta nuko rishobora kubamo inteko zisanzwe, zemewe na code, inteko zidashobora kurwanya umuriro. Ubwubatsi busanzwe nugushira retractory kumurongo no kumanika santimetero nke hejuru yurukuta kumpande zombi. Nkuko urukuta rushobora kunyerera hejuru no hasi mu bwisanzure mu rupfu, rushobora kunyerera hejuru no munsi yumuriro. Ibikoresho bigize iki gice birashobora kuba birimo ubwoya bwamabuye y'agaciro, sima yubatswe yubatswe, cyangwa ibyuma byumye, bikoreshwa wenyine cyangwa hamwe. Sisitemu nkiyi igomba kugeragezwa, kwemezwa no gushyirwa kurutonde nka Laboratoire ya Underwriters yo muri Kanada (ULC).
Umwanzuro Ibipimo ni ishingiro ryubwubatsi bugezweho. Igitangaje, hariho uburinganire buke bwa "imyitozo isanzwe" mugihe cyo gukonjesha ibyuma bikonje, kandi udushya twica iyo migenzo nabwo dukora ibipimo.
Imikoreshereze yizi sisitemu isanzwe irashobora kurinda abayishushanya na ba nyirayo, kubika igihe n'amafaranga akomeye, no guteza imbere umutekano wurubuga. Zizana ubudahwema mubwubatsi kandi birashoboka cyane gukora nkuko byateganijwe kuruta sisitemu yubatswe. Hamwe nurumuri, kuramba no guhendwa, CFSF irashobora kongera uruhare rwisoko ryubwubatsi, nta gushidikanya ko izatera udushya.
Todd Brady is President of Brady Construction Innovations and inventor of the ProX manifold roughing system and the Slp-Trk wall cap solution. He is a metal beam specialist with 30 years of experience in the field and contract work. Brady can be contacted by email: bradyinnovations@gmail.com.
Stephen H. Miller, CDT numwanditsi watsindiye ibihembo numufotozi kabuhariwe mubikorwa byubwubatsi. Ni umuyobozi uhanga wa Chusid Associates, ikigo ngishwanama gitanga serivisi zamamaza na tekiniki mu kubaka ibicuruzwa. Miller ushobora kuvugana na www.chusid.com.
Reba agasanduku kari hepfo kugirango wemeze icyifuzo cyawe cyo gushyirwa mubitumanaho bitandukanye bya imeri biva muri Media ya Kenilworth (harimo ibinyamakuru bya e-makuru, ibibazo byikinyamakuru cya digitale, ubushakashatsi burigihe kandi butanga * kubikorwa byubwubatsi nubwubatsi).
* Ntabwo tugurisha aderesi imeri kubandi bantu, turagutumaho. Birumvikana, burigihe ufite uburenganzira bwo kutiyandikisha mumatumanaho ayo ari yo yose twohereje niba uhinduye ibitekerezo byawe mugihe kizaza.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nyakanga-07-2023